scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

How many neurons does a cat brain have? 

Answers from top 7 papers

More filters
Papers (7)Insight
These results suggest that in the cat PAG there exist at least two classes of GABArgic neurons.
Overall, our results lead us to the conclusion that the Y-type input to the striate cortex of the cat makes a significant contribution to the strength of the excitatory response of many neurons in this area.
These findings indicate that, in the cervical cord of the rat and the cat, descending propriospinal neurons and spinocerebellar neurons are to a large extent separate populations.
The results indicate that different combinations of three or four peptides may occur in single, small diameter sensory neurons in the cat.
Features of the organization of the cat brain, together with earlier primate results, suggest that there may be a common cortical plan in mammals.
This description contrasts in several respects with a recently published atlas of the catecholamine-containing neurons in the cat medulla.
We conclude that neurons in the stellate ganglion of the cat are organized on a topical basis.

See what other people are reading

How do different feeding methods (wet, dry, homemade) impact a cat's overall well-being?
5 answers
Different feeding methods, such as wet, dry, and homemade diets, can significantly impact a cat's overall well-being. Wet canned food has advantages like higher palatability and digestibility compared to dry food. Commercial diets are regulated and tested for nutritional adequacy and safety, but homemade diets can be customized to the cat's needs. Unconventional feeding practices, like raw or vegetarian diets, may lead to nutrient insufficiency and health issues. In vitro assays can predict the bioavailability of phosphorus in cat diets, with water extraction and digestion assays being valuable tools for assessing nutrient content and digestibility. Veterinary practitioners should be aware of feeding trends and educate owners on providing balanced nutrition to ensure the well-being of companion animals.
What are the specific mechanisms by which GABA receptor genetic factors influence the risk of developing depression?
5 answers
Genetic factors related to GABA receptors play a crucial role in influencing the risk of developing depression through various mechanisms. Studies have shown that GABA receptor subunit gamma2 polymorphism rs211034 interacts with childhood trauma, affecting cognitive deficits and depression risk. Additionally, a GWAS meta-analysis identified GABA receptors as targets for antidepressant drugs, highlighting their significance in major depression. Dysfunction in the GABAergic inhibitory system is associated with depressive disorders, with altered GABA release being a key feature in the depressive-like phenotype. Furthermore, gene-environment interaction studies have revealed that genes like GABRR1 and GABRR2 interact differently with aspects of parenting, emphasizing the importance of polygenic approaches in understanding GABA-related mechanisms influencing depression risk.
What is the role of adenosine in regulating pericyte function during seizures?
5 answers
Adenosine plays a crucial role in regulating pericyte function during seizures. Seizure activity leads to a surge in adenosine levels, which acts as an endogenous anticonvulsant by modulating various cellular targets. Adenosine exerts its effects through A1, A2A, and A3 receptors, influencing intrinsic neuronal properties, excitatory/inhibitory balance, and astrocytic function. Studies have shown that adenosine concentrations increase significantly prior to seizure termination, indicating its involvement in seizure control. Furthermore, adenosine attenuates depolarizing GABA(A) receptor signaling during seizures, limiting seizure activity and after-discharge phases. Understanding adenosine's multifaceted actions on neuronal networks and pericytes is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies for epilepsy, including adenosine augmentation therapies and gene therapy interventions.
How does stress affect the hippocampus?
4 answers
Chronic stress has various effects on the hippocampus. It can lead to abnormal cellular proliferation, atrophic morphologies, and lower densities of glial cells, potentially triggering an inflammatory-like response that compromises their functions. Prenatal stress also affects hippocampal development, causing cognitive deficits and increasing susceptibility to psychiatric disorders. Stress of different durations can cause dynamic changes in hippocampal gene expression, with early and middle stages promoting adaptive regulation and damage repair, while the late stage leads to damage in the hippocampus. Stress can also impact the GABAergic network in the hippocampus, resulting in impaired inhibitory transmission and network function. Additionally, stress can lead to individual variability in stress responses, with molecular signatures in the hippocampus and amygdala distinguishing between susceptible and resilient animals.
What effect does attention have on neural activation in the V1?
4 answers
Attention has a significant effect on neural activation in the primary visual cortex (V1). Spatial attention modulates neuronal communication within V1, particularly in pairs of neurons with heterogeneous visual input. Attention enhances the decodability of stimulus identity from population responses evoked by natural scenes in V1. Moreover, attention in V1/V2 leads to unexpectedly large facilitation of weak target stimuli, surpassing known magnitudes of attentional modulation. Selective attention implements preferential routing of attended stimuli by increasing the influence of synaptic inputs on higher-area neurons, with attentional modulation of intrinsic V1 connections playing a key role. Attention also modulates burstiness of V1 neurons in a cell-type specific manner, reducing burstiness in neurons involved in boosting the signal of the attended stimulus.
Does lutein increase or decrease GABAergic activity?
5 answers
Lutein decreases GABAergic activity. It inhibits GABA-mediated currents and slows the activation kinetics of GABA receptors. Additionally, lutein reduces the amplitude and slows the rise time of inhibitory postsynaptic currents in hippocampal neurons. The decrease in GABAergic activity is accompanied by an increase in glutamatergic stimulatory signals, contributing to the onset of puberty. GABAergic agents, such as muscimol, stimulate luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) secretion, while GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline blocks this effect. GABA also exerts inhibitory actions on luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. However, when hypothalamic GABA levels are increased, LHRH neurons retain their ability to respond to noradrenaline.
What is the prevalence bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs?
4 answers
The prevalence of Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs varies across different studies. In one study conducted in Iran, the prevalence of B. bronchiseptica infection was found to be high among dogs, with 39.68% of pharyngeal samples and 33.89% of nasal samples testing positive for the bacterium. Another study in Southern Germany found that 78.7% of dogs with acute respiratory signs tested positive for B. bronchiseptica. Additionally, a study comparing B. bronchiseptica infected dogs to healthy dogs found that all diseased dogs tested positive for the bacterium, while only 45.6% of healthy dogs tested positive. However, in a study specifically focused on kennel cough, the presence of B. bronchiseptica did not show a significant association with the disease. Overall, the prevalence of B. bronchiseptica in dogs can vary depending on the population studied and the specific respiratory disease being investigated.
How to cell culture human neuron cells?
4 answers
Human neuron cells can be cultured using various methods. One approach is to induce a homogenous population of cortical excitatory neurons and cortical interneurons from human pluripotent stem cells, which can then be used to generate mixed cultures. Another method involves culturing patient-derived human neurons on nanostructured cell culture substrates featuring nanowire arrays, which can promote neuronal growth and network formation. Additionally, proliferative neural progenitor cells can be derived directly from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, providing a shortcut method to establish NPC cultures. Another option is to use a human neural stem cell culture medium, which is a simple and cost-effective formula that supports the long-term proliferation and differentiation of human neural stem cells. Finally, adult human neurons can be isolated and cultured from neurosurgical brain specimens, allowing for the study of mature neurophysiological properties and gene expression.
Which part of anterior insular cortex is related to pain, dorsal or ventral?
4 answers
The dorsal anterior insula is related to pain intensity and represents signed prediction errors specific to pain, while the ventral anterior insula represents pain intensity, expectations, and their absolute difference (i.e., the prediction error). The left anterior insula cortex is dysregulated in chronic pain patients and represents a robust neurofunctional maladaptation. The anterior insula, particularly the anterior insular region, is a key node in an extended bilateral insula-fronto-cingular network involved in pain-related processes. The anterior insula, specifically the anterior insular and opercular cortices contralateral to painful stimulation, shows activation correlated with unsigned intensity prediction errors, which are similar for pain and aversive sounds. The rostral agranular insular cortex (RAIC) is associated with pain modulation, and the activation of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) in GABAergic neurons in the RAIC induces an analgesic effect in neuropathic pain.
How does mGluR5 expression vary across different subtypes of cortical interneurons?
4 answers
mGluR5 expression varies across different subtypes of cortical interneurons. Activation of group I mGluRs depolarizes fast-spiking (FS) interneurons but not regular spiking nonpyramidal (RSNP) interneurons. In contrast, mGluR5 expression is significantly increased in the cortical regions of participants with idiopathic autism spectrum disorder (IASD) and reduced in all regions of men with fragile X syndrome (FXS). These findings suggest that mGluR5 dysregulation may play a role in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly ASD and FXS. Additionally, the study of GABAergic interneurons using the enhancer element of the Dlx5 and Dlx6 genes has allowed for subtype-selective targeting of these populations. This approach provides a valuable tool for investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying the diversity of GABAergic interneurons in the cortex.
Doppler ultrasound of the urinary bladder. Show new techniques and technology applications with a clincal impact.
5 answers
Doppler ultrasound of the urinary bladder has shown new techniques and technology applications with clinical impact. One study investigated the use of Doppler ultrasound to detect abnormal flux in patients with vesico-peritoneal and vesico-cutaneous fistulas, confirming the diagnosis made by CT scan/conventional cystography. Another study used Doppler ultrasound to assess renal blood flow in cats with feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD), finding significantly higher resistivity index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) values in cats with FLUTD compared to the control group. Doppler ultrasound has also been used in the evaluation of urinary retention, with bladder scans providing a noninvasive method to measure bladder volume and diagnose acute urinary retention (AUR). Additionally, 3-dimensional (3D) ultrasound has been used to monitor urinary bladder volume (UBV) and urine residual volume (URV) in hospitalized dogs, allowing for early identification of urine retention. These studies demonstrate the clinical utility of Doppler ultrasound in various urinary disorders.