Search or ask a question

How many neurons does the typical human brain have?

Cholinergic neuron

Extended amygdala

Answers from top 6 papers

PDF

Open Access

More filters

Papers (6)	Insight
Book•DOI The Physics of the Mind and Brain Disorders Ioan Opris, Manuel F. Casanova - Show less +1 more 01 Jan 2017 12 Citations	We suggest that cognitive functions are largely mediated by the neocortex, and because the human brain scales like a typical primate brain, the large neocortex of humans contains more neurons than any other mammal, even those with larger brains such as elephants.
Journal Article•DOI Learned specification of concept neurons. Wayne A. Wickelgren 01 Mar 1969-Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 14 Citations	If we assume that all concepts possessed by a single human being can be encoded by single neurons in this manner, there are enough neurons in the human cortex only if we assume that most of these concept neurons are specified by learning.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Cellular Scaling Rules for the Brains of Marsupials: Not as “Primitive” as Expected Sandra E. Dos Santos, Jairo Porfirio, Felipe Barros da Cunha, Paul R. Manger, William Corrêa Tavares, Leila Maria Pessôa, Mary Ann Raghanti, Chet C. Sherwood, Suzana Herculano-Houzel - Show less +8 more 27 Jan 2017-Brain Behavior and Evolution 347 Citations	We show that brain structure mass scales with numbers of nonneuronal cells, and numbers of cerebellar neurons scale with numbers of cerebral cortical neurons, comparable to what we have found in eutherians.
Journal Article•DOI Quantification of cholinergic and select non-cholinergic mesopontine neuronal populations in the human brain. Kebreten F. Manaye, R.M Zweig, Donghai Wu, Louis B. Hersh, S. De Lacalle, Clifford B. Saper, Dwight C. German - Show less +6 more 01 Mar 1999-Neuroscience 99 Citations	The present study provides detailed maps of the distribution and number of mesopontine cholinergic neurons in the normal human brain.
Journal Article•DOI Topography of neurons expressing luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone gene transcripts in the human hypothalamus and basal forebrain. Naomi E. Rance, W. Scott Young, Nathaniel T. McMullen - Show less +2 more 22 Jan 1994-The Journal of Comparative Neurology 93 Citations	We report a much wider distribution and greater numbers of LHRH neurons than have been previously described in the human brain.
Journal Article•DOI Neurons from fetal rat brain in a new cell culture system: a multidisciplinary analysis. Earl W. Godfrey, Phillip G. Nelson, Bruce K. Schrier, Anthony C. Breuer, Bruce R. Ransom - Show less +4 more 06 Jun 1975-Brain Research 124 Citations	This new approach will allow, in culture, detailed multidisciplinary analyses of individual neurons and small networks of neurons from the mammalian brain.

My columns

Related Questions

How many neurons do human brain have?2 answers

How many neurons do our brains have?4 answers

How many neurons do we have in brain?2 answers

How many neurons does a human brain contain?5 answers

How many neurons in the human brain?3 answers

How many neurons make up a typical human brain?6 answers

See what other people are reading

What evidence is there for Greater Male Variability?

Evidence for Greater Male Variability (GMV) is supported by various studies across different species. Studies on non-human animals like rhesus macaques have shown that males exhibit more variability in traits like brain size, potentially due to selection pressures on male behavior or sex chromosome effects. Additionally, research on hearing thresholds in humans has consistently demonstrated greater variability across males compared to females, along with higher correlations between related measures within males, supporting a link between GMV and the mosaic pattern of X-chromosome activation in females. Furthermore, meta-analyses on personality traits in mammals, birds, and reptiles/amphibians have indicated that sex differences in variability align with previous findings, suggesting that the greater male variability hypothesis remains plausible despite some non-significant results.What evidence is there for Greater Male Variability in humans?

Evidence for Greater Male Variability in humans is supported by studies on personality traits and brain size. Research on non-human animals suggests that males exhibit greater variability in personality traits like boldness, aggression, activity, sociality, and exploration, aligning with the Greater Male Variability (GMV) hypothesis. Additionally, studies on brain size variability in non-human primates, specifically rhesus macaques, indicate that males have more variable endocranial volumes, potentially due to sex chromosome effects or selection on male behavior. These findings imply that GMV extends beyond morphological traits to include behavioral and neurological characteristics, providing insights into sex differences in variability among humans.What is the relationship between lentiform nucleus morphometry and functional outcomes in patients with Parkinson's disease?

Lentiform nucleus morphometry plays a crucial role in predicting functional outcomes in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients undergoing deep brain stimulation (DBS). Studies have shown that atrophy of the lentiform nucleus, along with other brain regions like the motor cortex, thalamus, and hippocampus, is associated with poorer motor and non-motor outcomes post-DBS. Changes in lentiform nucleus morphology can impact various aspects of PD, including locomotion impairments like freezing of gait. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analyses have revealed reduced brain volume in limbic and neocortical areas in PD patients, emphasizing the importance of understanding brain structural changes for predicting cognitive and social cognitive functions. Further research is needed to validate these findings and explore the potential of lentiform nucleus morphometry in larger patient cohorts for more accurate outcome predictions.How does regular physical activity impact function of the brain?

Regular physical activity has a significant impact on brain function. It leads to various beneficial effects such as increased network connectivity, efficiency, and stability in resting-state networks, supporting cognitive functions. Physical activity induces structural and functional changes in the brain, promoting neurogenesis, cognition, and reducing symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, regular exercise positively influences intellectual and mental development by improving memory, concentration, reaction time, and reducing the risk of anxiety, depression, and stress. Furthermore, in individuals with type 2 diabetes, regular physical activity is associated with larger gray matter volumes in cortical and subcortical regions, independently of glycemic control, potentially mitigating the negative impact of diabetes on the brain. Overall, engaging in regular physical activity is crucial for enhancing brain plasticity, cognitive function, and overall brain health.How does rotating enrichment items affect habituation in captive animals?

Rotating enrichment items is a critical strategy in preventing habituation and maintaining the effectiveness of enrichment programs for captive animals. Habituation to enrichment items can lead to a decrease in the items' ability to stimulate and engage animals, potentially negating the benefits of enrichment efforts. The contexts provided offer insights into various aspects of this issue. Research on captive animals, ranging from primates to laboratory mice, has shown that introducing variety through rotation of enrichment items can significantly enhance the welfare and behavioral health of these animals. For instance, studies on chimpanzees have highlighted individual preferences for enrichment objects, suggesting that rotating items could cater to varying needs and prevent boredom. Similarly, in laboratory settings, mice showed preferences for different types of enrichment, indicating that rotation could sustain engagement and welfare benefits. In the case of captive sun bears, environmental enrichments that were rotated effectively reduced stereotypic behaviors and cortisol levels, demonstrating a decrease in stress. This suggests that rotating enrichment items can mitigate the risk of habituation and maintain the enrichment's effectiveness in reducing stress. For avian species, like red-tailed black cockatoos, foraging-based enrichments that were varied helped decrease the expression of oral repetitive behaviors, further supporting the importance of rotation in enrichment programs. Moreover, a study on New World primates showed that different olfactory enrichments elicited varied responses, indicating that rotating these items could maintain interest and activity levels without significant habituation over the study period. This is echoed in the management of Asiatic lions, where rotating feeding, sensory, and manipulable enrichment interventions led to improved welfare indices, including reduced stress levels and aberrant behaviors. Lastly, in the context of intensive pig farming, rotating enrichment items like pine and scented wood in confinement stalls was shown to alleviate chronic stress and stereotypical behaviors in sows. Collectively, these studies underscore the importance of rotating enrichment items to prevent habituation, thereby ensuring the continued effectiveness of enrichment programs in enhancing the welfare of captive animals across a variety of species.What is the role of the cholinergic system in neurotransmission and cognition?

The cholinergic system plays a crucial role in neurotransmission and cognition. Acetylcholine (ACh) acts as a neurotransmitter with diverse physiological functions, including modulation of the autonomic nervous system, inflammation, cognition, and motor coordination. Cholinergic transmission is essential for memory, learning, attention, and other higher brain functions, with cholinergic synapses being widespread in the human central nervous system. Studies highlight the significance of cholinergic signaling in the prefrontal cortex for signal detection and top-down attentional control, challenging the traditional view of ACh as a slow neuromodulator. Furthermore, deficits in the cholinergic system are implicated in cognitive disorders, emphasizing the importance of cholinergic therapies in conditions like Alzheimer's disease.What is the difference between fovea centralis and peripheral retina?

The fovea centralis and peripheral retina exhibit distinct characteristics. The fovea, with its high-acuity central vision, contains cone photoreceptors densely packed in a unique array, leading to slower cone signals compared to the peripheral retina. In contrast, the peripheral retina shows asymmetries in visual discrimination, with better sensitivity along the horizontal meridian and lower visual field. Moreover, the foveal optic radiations demonstrate higher fractional anisotropy and mean kurtosis, indicating denser nerve fiber populations compared to the peripheral optic radiations. Additionally, hue-scaling data reveals that peripheral stimuli appear more saturated than foveal stimuli, especially in the green-yellow region, suggesting shifts in unique hue loci with retinal location. These differences highlight the specialized functions and adaptations of the fovea centralis and peripheral retina in visual processing.What are the long-term neurobiological effects of childhood trauma on an individual's brain development and function?

Childhood trauma has profound and lasting neurobiological effects on brain development and function. Exposure to emotional trauma in adolescence can lead to alterations in grey matter volumes, particularly in females. Studies have shown that childhood trauma can disrupt healthy brain development, resulting in reductions in both grey and white matter volumes, potentially leading to cognitive, emotional, and behavioral impairments. Furthermore, individuals who experienced childhood trauma exhibit altered inhibitory neurotransmission, specifically reduced GABA concentrations, which may be linked to lower grey matter volumes in certain brain regions. Childhood trauma is associated with structural brain changes, including reduced global brain volume, cortical surface area, and volumes of specific brain regions like the ventral diencephalon, hippocampus, thalamus, and nucleus accumbens. These findings highlight the significant and lasting impact of childhood trauma on brain structure and function.When did the anatomical changes in human decline?

Anatomical changes in humans started to decline over the past 50,000 years, as indicated by a decrease in brain mass and body size, leading to reduced encephalization levels in modern humans compared to earlier Homo sapiens and anatomically modern Homo from the Late Pleistocene. Additionally, a study of early Homo members living 2 million to 10,000 years ago suggests that our bodies and brains have shrunk by about 10% after a peak in the last ice age. Furthermore, changes in human morphology, including reductions in cranial capacity and body size, occurred from the Upper Pleistocene to the Middle Ages, partially reversed only in the last 100 years by secular trends. These findings collectively indicate a gradual decline in anatomical features over the past millennia.Do monkeys recognize credit ?

Monkeys demonstrate various cognitive abilities related to recognition. They possess a highly developed capacity for face recognition, similar to humans, as shown in studies with capuchin monkeys. Additionally, research on rhesus macaques indicates that neuronal activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reflects information necessary for credit assignment, linking causes and effects during learning tasks. While monkeys may not recognize credit in the same complex way as humans, they exhibit the ability to recognize token validity and engage in exchanges, resembling some features of human monetary systems. Therefore, monkeys showcase recognition abilities in different contexts, from identifying familiar individuals in pictures to understanding the outcomes of their choices in tasks, indicating a level of cognitive recognition akin to credit assignment.What is theoretical framework in Alcoholism among High School Students?

Alcoholism among high school students can be understood through various theoretical frameworks. Problem Behavior Theory provides insights into the nature and development of alcohol abuse among young individuals. Alcoholism is characterized by a progression from impulsivity to compulsivity, driven by negative reinforcement mechanisms involving neuroadaptations in the brain stress systems. Factors such as parental and peer norms, environmental influences, and self-efficacy play a role in predicting alcohol use among adolescents, highlighting the need for organized frameworks like the revised health-promotion model for intervention strategies. Additionally, alcohol expectancy theory suggests that positive alcohol expectancy outcomes and favorable evaluations are associated with risky drinking among high school athletes, emphasizing the importance of addressing beliefs and perceptions related to alcohol use in this population.