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Using global price shocks to thirty-one different minerals, and nationwide geological and political data from India, we show that local mineral wealth shocks cause the election of criminal politicians.
Using evidence from originally collected data on former TDs from 1989 to 2016, we find that almost one third of ex-politicians are in the private sector; however, many merely return to their previous occupations as solicitors or small business owners.
India has joined the billionaire league in population along with China and these two countries are likely to be the only two billionaires in population size.
Further analyses suggest several mechanisms that may partly explain why many “wealth accumulators” win elections in India despite these negative reactions.
Open accessJournal ArticleDOI
Tino Sanandaji, Tino Sanandaji 
21 Citations
Billionaires are more likely to move to countries that share a language and a culture with their country of birth and to countries with larger markets, higher incomes, and lower capital taxes.
Open access
01 Jan 2014
464 Citations
The paper concludes that Russia has a higher number of billionaires than economic factors such as market size and tax rate predict.
do not support the first hypothesis for all subgroups of billionaires.

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What are the positive impact of Drones in terms of Cost-Effective for Wildlife organizations?
4 answers
Drones offer cost-effective solutions for wildlife organizations by minimizing disturbance during population monitoring. They enable photographic identification of endangered beluga whales without intrusive methods, aiding in conservation efforts. Thermal drones enhance deer population surveys, providing accurate density estimates at a lower cost and with improved safety compared to traditional methods. Additionally, drones equipped with tracking systems facilitate wildlife monitoring, achieving high detection rates in savanna and forest environments, offering an affordable option for conservation projects. When considering wildlife responses, smaller and quieter drones have negligible impacts, making them suitable for acoustic surveys of cryptic species like bats. Overall, drones present a cost-effective and minimally invasive tool for wildlife organizations, revolutionizing population monitoring and conservation efforts.
What is correlation between reading habits and vocabulary mastery?
5 answers
The correlation between reading habits and vocabulary mastery varies across different studies. While some research indicates no significant correlation between reading habits and vocabulary mastery, others demonstrate a strong positive correlation. Additionally, findings suggest that students' reading frequency, time spent, and attitude towards reading positively relate to their English vocabulary achievement. Moreover, a study on eighth-grade students reveals a positive and significant correlation between vocabulary mastery and reading comprehension. Another study focusing on second-grade students also confirms a significant correlation between vocabulary mastery and reading comprehension. Overall, the relationship between reading habits and vocabulary mastery appears to be influenced by various factors and can vary based on the specific context and population studied.
What is the range of Caretta Caretta?
5 answers
The range of Caretta caretta, also known as the Loggerhead Sea Turtle, encompasses various regions as depicted in range maps attributing sub-watershed polygons with information on the species' presence, origin, seasonal, and reproductive use. Mexico, particularly the state of Quintana Roo, has been actively involved in marine turtle protection and conservation efforts, with the Sea Turtle Protection Program of Akumal playing a significant role. Over a 24-year protection period, nesting ecology parameters were studied, showing a nesting peak in June, a nesting success rate of 75.2%, and a mean clutch size of 108.6 eggs. Additionally, studies on the impact of methylmercury (MeHg) exposure on Loggerhead Sea Turtles revealed insights into oxidative stress responses at the cellular level, highlighting the species' susceptibility to environmental contamination and the importance of monitoring such exposures for conservation efforts.
What are the latest innovations in regenerated protein fibres?
5 answers
The latest innovations in regenerated protein fibers include the utilization of waste wools like pig bristles, wool, and silks dissolved in an ionic solution to create stable fibers with health benefits and strong adsorbility. Another advancement involves a regenerated protein blend fiber combining corn protein fiber, casein fibers, peanut protein fiber, regenerated fibroin protein fibers, and pearl protein fibers to produce moisture-absorbing, breathable, soft, comfortable, and skin-friendly fibers. Additionally, high-performance continuous regenerated keratin fibers with wool-like structures have been developed using cortical cells and linear keratin from wool waste, resulting in fibers with properties similar to wool while minimizing the use of synthetic chemicals. These innovations showcase the ongoing progress in sustainable and eco-friendly regenerated protein fibers.
Does colour contrast in written text create disfluency?
4 answers
Yes, color contrast in written text can create disfluency, affecting cognitive processes. Research suggests that manipulating typography and color in text influences perceptual and conceptual fluency, impacting metacognitive experiences and cognitive load. Disfluency, induced by harder-to-read fonts, triggers more analytical processing, enhancing learning outcomes. However, the effects of disfluency on learning are not universally consistent, with mixed findings on recall and transfer tasks. While disfluency may not consistently improve recall, it does reduce judgments of learning and increase learning time, serving as a metacognitive cue. Therefore, color contrast and typography alterations can influence cognitive processes, potentially enhancing learning outcomes through increased cognitive effort and analytical processing.
How often does mango leaves grow?
5 answers
Mango leaves exhibit growth patterns that vary during their developmental stages. Initially, mango leaves grow rapidly through cell division and enlargement processes within the first two weeks of their life, followed by changes in dry weight, water content, and rigidity up to week six. The growth and development of mango leaves can be monitored using tools like SPAD meters, which show significant increases in SPAD readings as the leaves age, indicating growth progression. Furthermore, studies on Mangifera indica seedlings reveal detailed growth analyses, including factors like relative growth rate, specific leaf area, light capture per unit plant mass, and unit leaf rate, which contribute to the overall growth and development of the seedlings over a period of 119 to 124 days. Overall, mango leaves undergo dynamic growth processes during their early stages, with distinct changes in various parameters contributing to their development.
What are the specific factors that contribute to low self-esteem in individuals who engage in cheating behavior?
5 answers
Low self-esteem in individuals engaging in cheating behavior can be influenced by various factors. Research indicates that parental child-rearing practices play a significant role, with demanding fathers and casual, loving mothers being associated with lower self-esteem in delinquent adolescents. Additionally, studies show a negative correlation between self-control and self-esteem with cheating behavior, suggesting that individuals with low self-control and self-esteem are more likely to cheat. Furthermore, student self-efficacy has been linked to cheating behavior, with higher self-efficacy levels correlating with decreased cheating tendencies. These findings highlight the complex interplay between parental influences, self-control, self-esteem, and self-efficacy in shaping individuals' propensity for engaging in cheating behavior.
What is the normal range for RF in female and above 50 years old?
5 answers
The normal range for Rheumatoid Factor (RF) in females aged 50 and above is approximately 72%, as indicated in the study by Satybaldyev et al.. This research compared clinical manifestations in early Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) between different age groups, highlighting that RF was detected with equal frequency in both younger (18-49 years) and older (50 years and older) age groups. Additionally, the study by Miller et al.discusses the variability in reference ranges for RF, emphasizing the importance of establishing accurate norms. Therefore, based on the available data, around 72% can be considered the normal range for RF in females aged 50 and above.
How long are CSR reports?
5 answers
Clinical Study Reports (CSRs) vary significantly in length, with some being extremely extensive. For instance, CSRs included in a study ranged from 357 pages to a staggering 11,456 pages, showcasing the substantial variability in their size. Another analysis found that the median length of various sections within CSRs ranged from 5 pages for report synopses to 337 pages for attached tables, highlighting the detailed and exhaustive nature of these reports. Additionally, a study focusing on CSRs for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in cancer patients reported a median CSR length of 1,825 pages, emphasizing the comprehensive data contained within these reports. Overall, CSRs can be incredibly lengthy documents, providing in-depth information on clinical trials.
What is the epidemiology of allergic diseases?
4 answers
The epidemiology of allergic diseases reveals a global increase in prevalence, affecting both developed and developing countries. Allergic conditions like asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and food allergies exhibit multifactorial causes and heterogeneous clinical presentations, with varying prevalence rates worldwide. Children are notably more impacted by this trend, with rates of asthma ranging from 1% to 20%, allergic rhinitis from 1% to 18%, and skin allergies from 2% to 10% in different populations. Genetic predisposition interacts with environmental factors, such as changes in early life microbial exposures, diet, and pollution, contributing to the rise in allergic diseases. Notably, the sensitization rate to animal dander allergens, especially cat dander, has significantly increased, with children and adolescents being the most affected groups.
How do different types of agrotoxics affect the development of infants, and what are the most significant risk factors?
4 answers
Various agrochemicals, such as pesticides and mycotoxins, can significantly impact infant development. Maternal exposure to pesticides like organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids can lead to complications affecting neurodevelopment and long-term health outcomes in newborns. Additionally, exposure to toxic agrochemicals throughout parents' lives, especially herbicides like atrazine, can increase the risk of congenital malformations in infants, particularly related to the reproductive and nervous systems. Mycotoxins, which negatively affect human health, can result in low birth weight, growth retardation, congenital anomalies, and developmental delays in children, impacting their immune system, cognitive development, and overall health. Children, due to behavioral, anatomical, and metabolic factors, may be more susceptible to the adverse effects of pesticide exposure, with potential risks including effects on nervous system maturation and endocrine disruption.