How many types of neurons do humans have?

Papers (8)	Insight
Open access•Posted Content•DOI Complete single neuron reconstruction reveals morphological diversity in molecularly defined claustral and cortical neuron types Yun Wang, Peng Xie, Hui Gong, Zhi Zhou, Xiuli Kuang, Yimin Wang, Yimin Wang, Anan Li, Yaoyao Li, Lijuan Liu, Matthew B. Veldman, Tanya L. Daigle, Karla E. Hirokawa, Lei Qu, Lei Qu, Phil Lesnar, Shengdian Jiang, Yang Yu, Wayne Wakeman, Shaoqun Zeng, Xiangning Li, Jing Yuan, Thuc Nghi Nguyen, Rachael Larsen, Sara Kebede, Yuanyuan Song, Lulu Yin, Sujun Zhao, Aaron Feiner, Elise Shen, Chris Hill, Quanxin Wang, Stephanie Mok, Susan M. Sunkin, Z. Josh Huang, Luke Esposito, Zizhen Yao, Michael Hawrylycz, Bosiljka Tasic, Lydia Ng, Staci A. Sorensen, X. William Yang, Julie A. Harris, Christof Koch, Qingming Luo, Hanchuan Peng, Hongkui Zeng - Show less +46 more 20 Jun 2019-bioRxiv 37 Citations	These insights reinforce the importance of full morphological characterization of brain cell types and suggest a plethora of ways different cell types and individual neurons may contribute to the function of their respective circuits.
Journal Article•DOI A second type of striatonigral neuron: a comparison between retrogradely labelled and golgi-stained neurons at the light and electron microscopic levels J. P. Bolam, Peter Somogyi, S. Totterdell, A. D. Smith - Show less +3 more 01 Nov 1981-Neuroscience 114 Citations	It is concluded that there are at least two morphologically distinct types of striatonigral neurons.
Journal Article•DOI Epileptiform activity can be initiated in various neocortical layers: an optical imaging study. Yang Tsau, Li Guan, Jian-Young Wu - Show less +2 more 01 Oct 1999-Journal of Neurophysiology 57 Citations	The initiating neurons may be of different types because neuronal types in various cortical layers are different.
Open access•Posted Content•DOI Zebrafish differentially process colour across visual space to match natural scenes Maxime Jy Zimmermann, Noora E. Nevala, Takeshi Yoshimatsu, Daniel Osorio, Dan-Eric Nilsson, Philipp Berens, Tom Baden, Tom Baden - Show less +7 more 07 Dec 2017-bioRxiv 7 Citations	Our results demonstrate high functional diversity among single genetically and morphologically defined types of neurons.
Journal Article•DOI The neuronal architecture of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus of the cat in the region of the cochlear nerve root: Electron microscopy Leslie P. Tolbert, Leslie P. Tolbert, D.K. Morest, D.K. Morest - Show less +3 more 01 Dec 1982-Neuroscience 129 Citations	We suggest a morphological basis for correlating individual kinds of neurons with certain electrophysiological response types.
Book Chapter•DOI Basic fibroblast growth factor affects the survival and development of mesencephalic neurons in culture. Giovanna Ferrari, Maria-Cristina Minozzi, Gino Toffano, Alberta Leon, Stephen D. Skaper - Show less +4 more 01 Jan 1990-Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 18 Citations	It is thus reasonable to believe that additional trophic factors exist for yet other types of neurons.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from morphologically- and neurochemically-identified hippocampal interneurons. Sam A. Booker, Jie Song, Imre Vida - Show less +2 more 30 Sep 2014-Journal of Visualized Experiments 29 Citations	These methods can be tailored to suit a broad range of scientific questions regarding functional properties of diverse types of cortical neurons.
Journal Article•DOI Neuronal associations in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy Shigeo Daikoku, Setsuji Hisano, Yasuaki Kagotani - Show less +2 more 22 Nov 1992-The Journal of Comparative Neurology 79 Citations	These findings suggest a reciprocal relation between the two types of neurons.

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Nerve-dependent developmental and regenerative processes are critical for the anatomical and functional restoration of parts removed from or damaged in an organism. These processes, observed across a variety of species and tissues, from zebrafish to humans, highlight the essential role nerves play in supporting tissue repair and regeneration. The phenomenon of nerve dependence in regeneration has been extensively studied, particularly in the context of amphibian limb regeneration, where nerves influence the regenerative growth under certain conditions, such as in the avascular early blastema stage. In the peripheral nervous system, injury triggers a coordinated lesion-induced gene expression program, indicating the activation of a regenerative growth mode. This response includes the recapitulation of developmental processes and the activation of regeneration-specific genes, suggesting that regeneration partially mirrors development but also involves unique, injury-specific molecular reactions. The molecular basis of nerve influence in regeneration includes the release of factors like transferrin and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), which promote growth and are critical during the early, nerve-dependent phase of limb regeneration. Research has also identified specific genes, such as Dlx-3 in axolotls, that correlate with the transition from nerve-dependent to nerve-independent phases of limb regeneration, highlighting the complex interplay between nerves, gene expression, and tissue regeneration. Moreover, the presence of nerve axons is required for the division of blastemal cells, the progenitors of regenerate tissues, during the initial stages of limb regeneration. In contrast to other tissues, the nervous system's regeneration does not involve division of mature neurons but rather the replacement and elongation of damaged parts, often the axon, supported by division in ancillary cells like glia and Schwann cells. Studies using microarray analysis and cDNA sequencing have further elucidated the transcriptional programs underlying nerve-dependent limb regeneration, revealing similarities and differences between innervated and denervated limbs in terms of gene expression related to wound healing and cell proliferation. Finally, the process of regeneration, while sharing similarities with embryonic development, is distinct in its direct development from and relation to adult tissues, emphasizing the unique nature of regenerative processes and their dependence on adult physiological conditions.

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