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ERM surgery is a very cost-effective procedure when compared with other interventions across medical subspecialties.
Thus, despite a small survival benefit, early surgery appeared cost-effective ($10, 800/QALY).
The economic evaluation of surgery compared with nonsurgical management suggested that surgery was cost effective at £11 000 per QALY.
Open accessJournal ArticleDOI
Kelemen A, Ksenija Bozić, Peter Halasz 
01 Jan 2008-Medicinski Pregled
14 Citations
According to cost analysis, epilepsy surgery is considered to be cost effective.
Although conventional extracapsular surgery generates slightly lower costs than phacoemulsification, the cost difference is small.
Endovascular revascularization procedures for PAD cost the health payer less compared with open surgery and primary amputation.
ILM removal during surgery for epimacular membrane is associated with better final vision and a lower risk of recurrent epimacular membrane.
Postcataract surgery endophthalmitis is associated with a substantial cost.
For surgically eligible patients with DR-TLE, surgery is cost-effective.
Epiretinal membranes can be treated surgically.

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What is t-test?
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The t-test is a widely used statistical method for comparing sample means to determine if they come from the same population. It was first derived as a posterior distribution in 1876 by Helmert and Lüroth. While the traditional t-test is popular, its validity can be limited due to assumptions about the distribution of the t-statistic not always holding true, especially in the presence of bounded distributions, leading to potential errors. William S. Gosset's development of the t-test, also known as Student's t-test, allows researchers to compare sample means easily using basic tools like paper, pen, and a calculator, although its simplicity can sometimes lead to misuse. The t-test's utility extends to predicting obstetric complications in pregnant women who had hepatitis before pregnancy, showcasing its versatility in various fields of research.
How does intercropping sorghum with other crops affect soil nutrient cycling and fertility?
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Intercropping sorghum with other crops has varying effects on soil nutrient cycling and fertility. Research indicates that incorporating legumes into the farming system alongside sorghum can restore soil fertility and sustain the agro-ecosystem. Additionally, intercropping sorghum with ruzigrass does not influence sorghum nutrient accumulation, but it can reduce grain yield. Furthermore, intercropping waxy sorghum with soybean in specific row ratio configurations can significantly improve rhizosphere soil properties, enhancing soil quality and promoting sustainable waxy sorghum production. Intercropping sorghum with legumes like soybean, common bean, groundnut, or sesame, along with the application of phosphorus fertilizers and organic inputs, can lead to improved legume grain yields and soil fertility enhancement. These findings highlight the importance of strategic intercropping practices for optimizing soil nutrient cycling and fertility in sorghum-based cropping systems.
How does production of palm bioplastics contribute to circular economy?
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The production of palm bioplastics contributes to the circular economy by utilizing biowaste from the palm oil industry to create sustainable materials. Bioplastics, derived from renewable resources like palm oil by-products, offer a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional fossil-based plastics. These bioplastics can have a lower carbon footprint, be recycled or biodegraded at their end of life, and promote the reuse of resources within a circular economic model. Additionally, the production of biopolymers from renewable carbon sources, such as palm oil waste, aligns with circular economy principles by reducing waste and promoting resource efficiency. By converting palm oil by-products into bioplastics, the palm oil industry can contribute to a more sustainable and circular approach to plastic production and waste management.
What are the implications of media richness theory on user engagement and immersion in virtual reality environments?
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Media richness theory plays a crucial role in understanding user engagement and immersion in virtual reality environments. The theory suggests that the richness of media used affects knowledge sharing and user experience. Immersive technologies, such as virtual reality, offer a unique user experience that can enhance learning and memory processes. Additionally, the evolution of multimedia content delivery in immersive environments has led to increased user emotions, presence, and engagement, contributing to a sense of belonging and success of services provided. By linking user experience and learning experience research, a theoretical framework can be developed to enhance learner engagement with immersive technologies in education. Furthermore, innovative communication strategies like immersive journalism and metaverse-based content can effectively enhance eco-literacy and pro-environmental behavior, influencing user intentions towards regenerative tourism.
What are the key functions of the nervous system in regulating human behavior?
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The nervous system plays a crucial role in regulating human behavior by controlling various functions essential for survival and well-being. It oversees cognitive, motor, and sensory systems, as well as basic life-sustaining functions like cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal activities. Additionally, the nervous system is involved in sexual behavior through complex interactions of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems, with the central nervous system orchestrating sexual responses. Emotions and language also significantly impact functional regulation, enabling human coexistence and response to stimuli. Furthermore, neurotransmitters released by neurons influence behavior by communicating within the brain and with other cells in the body. Overall, the nervous system's functions encompass a wide range of activities crucial for human behavior and well-being.
Are separate biofertilizers necessary for intercropping?
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Separate biofertilizers can significantly enhance intercropping systems. Studies show that biofertilizers like mycorrhiza fungi and bacteria can improve nutrient content, essential oil quality, and yield in intercropping setups. Biofertilizers aid in nutrient transfer between plants, balancing belowground competition, and increasing overall productivity in intercropping systems. Additionally, the application of biofertilizers has been found to positively impact essential oil, fatty acid, and phenolic compound content in intercropped plants, leading to a more sustainable cultivation system compared to sole cropping under low-input conditions. Therefore, utilizing separate biofertilizers for intercropping can be crucial for maximizing yields, improving essential oil quality, and promoting sustainable agriculture practices.
What is media richness theory? How can the theory be used in research on virtual reality technology?
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Media richness theory posits that the effectiveness of communication is influenced by the richness of the communication medium. In the context of virtual reality (VR) technology, this theory can be applied to understand how the immersive and interactive nature of VR impacts user experiences and outcomes. Research has shown that in various fields such as tourism, software development, and online learning, the richness of VR content significantly influences perceived usefulness, enjoyment, satisfaction, intention to visit destinations, knowledge sharing, and user retention. By leveraging media richness theory, studies can explore how the sensory and interactive features of VR enhance communication, engagement, and behavioral intentions in different contexts, providing valuable insights for designing effective VR experiences and applications.
How does the Business Model Canvas (BMC) framework facilitate the design of sustainable transportation solutions in rural tourism areas?
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The Business Model Canvas (BMC) framework plays a crucial role in designing sustainable transportation solutions in rural tourism areas. By integrating the BMC with Business Process Management, essential information is extracted to develop intelligent digital platforms that enhance rural tourism experiences. Additionally, the BMC template developed for Community-based Rural Tourism (CRT) in Peru serves as a guide for other platforms in the tourism sector, facilitating the integration of objectives and enhancing market dissemination. Furthermore, the BMC aids in aligning the needs of various user groups, ensuring the provision of environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable mobility solutions in rural areas. The framework helps in balancing societal benefits with costs, guiding the introduction of incentive-driven shared on-demand mobility services in rural transportation areas.
Is caffeic acid a phenolic acid?
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Yes, caffeic acid is indeed a phenolic acid. It is a bioactive compound belonging to the polyphenol group, specifically a hydroxycinnamic acid, commonly found in various plant-derived foods and beverages. Caffeic acid is recognized for its antioxidant properties and is associated with numerous health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and neuroprotective effects. It is widely distributed in plants and can exist in various forms, including as esters like chlorogenic acid. The extraction and purification of caffeic acid and its derivatives involve sophisticated techniques like high-speed countercurrent chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. Overall, caffeic acid's presence in plants and its diverse bioactivities make it a significant phenolic acid with promising metabolic and health-related applications.
What role does microtuberization play in the growth and development of potatoes?
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