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Flax is a promising natural fiber.
It was shown that the new method is about 10 times faster in determining equilibrium solubility constants, compared to the traditional saturation shake-flask methods.
However, slightly higher ratio of oxygen to carbon in the retted fiber indicated a more carbohydrate-rich fiber than the un-retted fiber.
The shake extraction has the potential for up-scaling to a field technology.
These results provide a quantitative comparison of fermentations in a shake flask vs. a bench‐scale fermentor and should be valuable in guiding scale‐up efforts.
Regenerated silk fiber with a draw ratio of 3× is a fiber with high strength which is comparable with that of natural silk fiber.
Our results indicate good agreement between the shake table and numerical results.
310–311 Ma, indicating that the studied samples recrystallized at this time.
A drastic drop in the specific power drawn is expected in the shake flasks as a consequence of the increased viscosity, which caused the liquid not following the movement of the shaker.
Journal ArticleDOI
27 Apr 2009-Nutrition Reviews
1K Citations
The observed changes in energy intake and body weight occur both when the fiber is from naturally high-fiber foods and when it is from a fiber supplement.
These data suggest that denervation elicits an alteration in fiber type composition and a reduction in fiber size.
The miniaturized shake-flask method can be used for all compounds and a wide variety of media.
Thus, the different developed shake formulations have the potential to be introduced in the market.
In yogurt with visible fiber, it is mainly the size of incorporated fiber that should be considered in product optimization.
It was found that for a clay-fiber mix, there is an optimum fiber content and it is different for different types of fiber.
The new dialysis fed-batch shake flask is characterised by a high flexibility regarding the attainable feed rates and the spectrum of feedable compounds.

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What determines the properties of organic molecules?
5 answers
The properties of organic molecules are determined by various factors such as their molecular structure, electronic charge distribution, and reactivity. Additionally, the physicochemical properties of organic molecules can be predicted using computational methods like the MSEP approach, which calculates the molecular surface electrostatic potential on van der Waals surfaces. Understanding the potential energy surface of molecules is crucial in determining their reactivity and transformation abilities under different conditions. Furthermore, the interaction of organic molecules with their surrounding environment, such as solvent molecules, plays a significant role in influencing properties like solubility and hydrophilicity. Overall, a combination of molecular structure, electronic properties, computational analysis, and environmental interactions collectively determine the properties of organic molecules.
How to calculate nitrogen content of nitrocellulose?
5 answers
To calculate the nitrogen content of nitrocellulose, various methods can be employed. One method involves using a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) system, where the nitrogen content is determined by comparing the retention time of the sample to a graph correlating retention time with percent nitrogen substitution. Another approach utilizes a polarized light microscope to establish a linear relationship between the nitrogen content and the optical path difference, enabling accurate determination within a specific range of nitrogen content in nitrocellulose. Additionally, a quantitative analysis method involves extracting organic ether insoluble substances from a propellant sample, determining the nitrogen element content using a secondary-combustion nitrogen element analysis meter, and comparing it with the nitrogen content in the raw material nitrocellulose to quantify the nitrocellulose component in the propellant.
At what pH levels do DCPD and ACP phases emerge?
4 answers
Dicalcium Phosphate Dihydrate (DCPD) primarily precipitates at a pH of 5. On the other hand, Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (ACP) emerges at a lower pH, specifically around pH 3. The study on calcium phosphate salts precipitation revealed that DCPD is most stable when formed at a pH of 5, while ACP tends to form at even lower pH levels. The transformation of DCPD to Octacalcium Phosphate (OCP) was observed without an intermediate amorphous phase, whereas the transition from OCP to Hydroxyapatite (HA) did involve the formation of an intermediate amorphous phase. These findings highlight the influence of pH on the formation and stability of different calcium phosphate phases, with DCPD and ACP showing distinct preferences for specific pH ranges during precipitation.
How to measure acid value in oil?
5 answers
To measure the acid value in oil, various methods can be employed. One common method involves volumetric titration using potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with an indicator like phenolphthalein. Another approach utilizes near-infrared spectroscopy to rapidly measure the acid value of waste oil, enhancing speediness and precision. Additionally, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with an infrared quartz cuvette (IQC) can be utilized for acid value determination in edible oils, offering a feasible calibration method and good correlation with titrated results. For real-time monitoring, a flexible microstrip sensor has been proposed to detect water content and acid value simultaneously in petroleum products, ensuring high sensitivity and detection linearity. Furthermore, a differential pulse voltammetric method with a glassy carbon electrode and platinum wire electrode can accurately determine the acid value in lubricating oil, overcoming limitations of traditional methods.
What are the importance of the rattan crafts and handcrafts for the economic and environmental benefits?
5 answers
Rattan crafts and handcrafts play a crucial role in both economic and environmental aspects. Economically, these crafts contribute significantly to the economy, especially for women entrepreneurs, with personal aspects like family support playing a vital role. Additionally, the ban on raw rattan exports encourages investment in rattan processing industries, promoting economic growth. Environmentally, utilizing rattan waste for fiber production leads to eco-friendly products, reducing waste and promoting sustainability. Moreover, the income generated from rattan crafts benefits traditional craftsmen, showcasing the economic value of these products. Overall, rattan crafts not only boost local economies but also promote environmental sustainability through the use of eco-friendly materials and waste reduction efforts.
What is the moisture content of jute powder?
5 answers
The moisture content of jute powder can vary depending on the processing method and conditions. Plasma drying has been shown to effectively reduce moisture levels in jute fibres to less than 1.8% (wt.). On the other hand, a study on jute seeds found that the moisture content ranged from 6.6 to 7.7 (g%) before germination. Additionally, a digital instrument based on resistance measurement has been developed for accurate moisture measurement in fibres, including jute. Furthermore, the water absorption behavior of hybrid jute-carbon/epoxy composites was investigated, showing that moisture absorption increased with immersion time, reaching maximum contents of 0.45% to 0.61% depending on the fiber volume fraction. Overall, the moisture content of jute powder can be influenced by various factors and processing techniques.
How could transdermal apllication of acetyl crnitie acess the brain?
5 answers
Transdermal application of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors like physostigmine can potentially access the brain to exert therapeutic effects in conditions such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Physostigmine, when delivered continuously through the skin, has shown stable plasma concentrations and improved memory function in AD patients without major adverse effects. Additionally, the use of transdermal drug delivery systems for compounds like acetylsalicylic acid has been explored, highlighting the importance of optimal physicochemical properties for effective transdermal permeation. These systems aim to maintain constant blood levels, improve bioavailability, and potentially reach the brain to exert pharmacological actions in neurological diseases. Therefore, through appropriate formulation and delivery methods, transdermal application of specific compounds can potentially facilitate their access to the brain for therapeutic purposes.
Does unmodified chitosan forms Vesicles with sulfated cyclodextrin?
5 answers
Unmodified chitosan can form vesicles with sulfated cyclodextrin, as seen in the preparation method of a cyclodextrin-polymer drug-loaded vesicle using chitosan-grafted cyclodextrin polymer and benzimidazole polycaprolactone, where chitosan-grafted cyclodextrin polymer is utilized in vesicle formation. Additionally, in the development of cyclodextrin-based chitosan nanospheres for nose-to-brain targeting of idebenone, sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) is used as a polyanion for chitosan, indicating compatibility between chitosan and cyclodextrin derivatives in nanosphere formation. This suggests that unmodified chitosan can indeed interact with sulfated cyclodextrin to form vesicles, showcasing the versatility of these materials in drug delivery systems.
What is Total Carbohydrate and Dietary Fiber Determination?
5 answers
Total Carbohydrate and Dietary Fiber Determination involves quantifying the complete range of carbohydrate components in food samples, including high- and low-molecular-weight dietary fibers (HMWDF and LMWDF), resistant starch, and non-digestible oligosaccharides. Various methods have been developed and validated to determine Total Dietary Fiber (TDF), Insoluble Dietary Fiber (IDF), and Soluble Dietary Fiber (SDF) according to the Codex Alimentarius definition. These methods utilize enzymatic digestion, gravimetric isolation, liquid chromatography, and specific digestion conditions to simulate human intestinal digestion and accurately quantify different fiber components. Recent advancements in analytical techniques, such as rapid-throughput LC-MS methods, have allowed for a more detailed analysis of the structural composition of soluble and insoluble fiber fractions, providing valuable insights into the impact of dietary fiber on the gut microbiome and overall health. Innovative approaches, like flexible reaction/filtration containers, have also been introduced to simplify the determination process and improve filtration efficiency.
Why increment of epoxy layers improve tensile properties of bamboo in different salinity level in water?
4 answers
The increment of epoxy layers improves the tensile properties of bamboo fibers in different salinity levels in water due to enhanced compatibility and reinforcement effects. The incorporation of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) into epoxy composites enhances mechanical properties and reduces water absorption, leading to improved thermal stability. Similarly, the addition of nanoclay in bamboo-epoxy composites increases tensile and flexural strength, impact resistance, water resistance, and thermal stability. Moreover, the use of chemically modified bamboo fibers in epoxy composites results in better compatibility, improved thermal resistance, and enhanced mechanical properties. Additionally, the alkali treatment of bamboo fibers reduces water absorption and enhances the tensile strength of composites.
Scaling cause rejection of membrane drop ?
5 answers
Scaling in membrane systems can indeed lead to a drop in membrane performance and rejection. Various factors contribute to scaling, including the presence of sparingly soluble salts like calcium, barium, strontium, and silica, which can result in irreversible membrane damage and reduced permeate quality. Methods such as using antiscalants or incorporating carbon nanotubes into membranes have shown promise in reducing scaling effects and improving membrane performance. Inorganic scaling, caused by minerals like calcium carbonate and sulfate, is a common issue in membrane-based desalination, impacting water recovery and process efficiency. Additionally, scaling can affect the liquid entry pressure of membranes in processes like membrane distillation, potentially leading to increased salt passage and decreased separation effectiveness. Addressing scaling is crucial to maintaining membrane efficiency and preventing rejection.