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This indicates better fiber–fiber interactions and improved fiber–fiber stress transfer.
It was found that for a clay-fiber mix, there is an optimum fiber content and it is different for different types of fiber.
It is shown that the expression can be used to approximate the maximum amount of sample that can be loaded and how it depends on the fiber radius.
Since the conventional critical length does not ensure improved composite strength, the consideration of the damage mode transition is essential for selecting the appropriate fiber length for strength improvement.
Our study provides useful information on how to design the fiber which is less sensitive to the fabrication imperfections.
On the contrary, the fiber has been treated with 10 % NaOH solution, which is much effective to remove the impurities.
Finally, the effects are more pronounced in the semi-concentrated regime, and this is attributed to enhanced fiber-fiber interactions.
It is further demonstrated in the article that the stress concentration factor with transversely isotropic fibers involved can be sufficiently accurately approximated by a much simpler stress concentration factor formula derived upon isotropic fiber reinforcement.

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What are the most common seam-sealing techniques used in the Philippines?
4 answers
In the Philippines, common seam-sealing techniques include using adhesive laminated fabric strips on stretchable woven fabrics for garments like denim. Additionally, for cylindrical metal containers, an automatic seam sealing machine with a circular part is employed instead of sealing rollers. Moreover, advanced parallel seam-sealing systems with welding robots are utilized for sealing electronic and component packages, offering precise and fast operations with multiple degrees of motion. Furthermore, in flooring applications, specially formulated hot-melt sealants are used to bond seams and edges of resilient floors, ensuring a seamless finish with barely noticeable bead material above the surface. Lastly, flexible pipe coverings in the Philippines are sealed using pressure-sensitive adhesive transfer tapes, providing a secure seal along seams and butt joints of pipes.
Risk Battery Thermal Runaway?
5 answers
The risk of thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries is a critical safety concern that has garnered significant attention from various sectors due to its potential for causing fires and explosions. Thermal runaway occurs when the battery's internal temperature and pressure rise uncontrollably, leading to a self-sustaining chain reaction. This phenomenon can be triggered by several factors, including thermal abuse, electrical faults, and mechanical damage. Research has shown that the thermal management of batteries using composite phase change materials (CPCMs) can effectively reduce the risk of thermal runaway by absorbing excess heat and maintaining the battery's temperature within safe limits. Additionally, the development of predictive models integrating fault tree analysis, dynamic Bayesian networks, and support vector regression offers a promising approach for early warning and dynamic risk prediction of thermal runaway events. The onset temperature for thermal runaway and the severity of the reaction can vary depending on the battery's state of charge (SoC), with higher SoCs leading to more severe reactions. Moreover, the design of the battery, including the venting mechanisms and the chemistry of the cathode material, plays a significant role in the battery's behavior under abuse conditions and its ability to mitigate the consequences of thermal runaway. Experimental studies have also highlighted the importance of understanding the effects of radiative heat transfer on thermal runaway propagation within a battery pack, suggesting that radiation can either facilitate or mitigate the spread of thermal runaway depending on various factors. Furthermore, the ambient conditions, such as pressure and temperature, significantly influence the thermal runaway characteristics and the associated fire behaviors. In summary, managing the risk of thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries requires a multifaceted approach that includes advanced thermal management strategies, predictive modeling for early detection, and careful consideration of battery design and operating conditions.
What are the differences between PA6 and PA12 carbon fibre?
4 answers
PA6 and PA12 carbon fiber composites exhibit variations in mechanical properties. PA12 demonstrates superior mechanical and fatigue properties compared to PA6, despite PA12's almost amorphous state. On the other hand, a study comparing chopped carbon fiber reinforced polyamides found that as fiber content increased, the efficiency of the fiber in composites decreased, with the matrix type having a more significant impact on the composite properties than the fiber type. Additionally, the incorporation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in a PA12/PA6 blend resulted in improved water diffusion behavior, with a slower diffusion rate and decreased water uptake at saturation, attributed to the rise in overall crystallinity and selective migration of nanotubes towards the more hygroscopic PA6 component.
What factors govern the tear strength of paper?
5 answers
The tear strength of paper is primarily governed by the fiber properties, including fiber length and strength. Fiber length, when combined with fiber strength, plays a crucial role in determining tear strength, especially in well-bonded networks. Synthetic fibers, like PLA and viscose, can significantly enhance tear strength when mixed with wood fibers due to their high length and strength, leading to well-entangled networks. Additionally, the presence of a heat activatable bonding agent, such as starch, can improve tearing strength by enhancing bonding between fibers during the paper formation process. Furthermore, the incorporation of non-cellulosic synthetic fibers with tear strength enhancing properties, along with a binder material, can result in a paper product with high tear strength and tensile strength comparable to cotton cloth.
1.How do building codes and regulations affect the usage of Reinforced concrete in housing development?
5 answers
Building codes and regulations play a crucial role in influencing the usage of reinforced concrete in housing development. Different countries have distinct codes dictating design criteria. For instance, the comparison between US and Chinese codes revealed a variance of 8-10% in rebar usage. Similarly, the Turkish earthquake regulations of 2007 and 2018 led to different design principles for reinforced concrete structures. Moreover, international bodies like ACI, Eurocode, and CSA have introduced specific standards for FRP reinforcement, impacting design approaches and outcomes. In Nigeria, the call for comprehensive structural design codes reflects the need to address environmental factors specific to the region. Understanding and adhering to these codes are essential for ensuring structural integrity and safety in housing development projects.
How to calculate nitrogen content of nitrocellulose?
5 answers
To calculate the nitrogen content of nitrocellulose, various methods can be employed. One method involves using a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) system, where the nitrogen content is determined by comparing the retention time of the sample to a graph correlating retention time with percent nitrogen substitution. Another approach utilizes a polarized light microscope to establish a linear relationship between the nitrogen content and the optical path difference, enabling accurate determination within a specific range of nitrogen content in nitrocellulose. Additionally, a quantitative analysis method involves extracting organic ether insoluble substances from a propellant sample, determining the nitrogen element content using a secondary-combustion nitrogen element analysis meter, and comparing it with the nitrogen content in the raw material nitrocellulose to quantify the nitrocellulose component in the propellant.
What are the importance of the rattan crafts and handcrafts for the economic and environmental benefits?
5 answers
Rattan crafts and handcrafts play a crucial role in both economic and environmental aspects. Economically, these crafts contribute significantly to the economy, especially for women entrepreneurs, with personal aspects like family support playing a vital role. Additionally, the ban on raw rattan exports encourages investment in rattan processing industries, promoting economic growth. Environmentally, utilizing rattan waste for fiber production leads to eco-friendly products, reducing waste and promoting sustainability. Moreover, the income generated from rattan crafts benefits traditional craftsmen, showcasing the economic value of these products. Overall, rattan crafts not only boost local economies but also promote environmental sustainability through the use of eco-friendly materials and waste reduction efforts.
What is the moisture content of jute powder?
5 answers
The moisture content of jute powder can vary depending on the processing method and conditions. Plasma drying has been shown to effectively reduce moisture levels in jute fibres to less than 1.8% (wt.). On the other hand, a study on jute seeds found that the moisture content ranged from 6.6 to 7.7 (g%) before germination. Additionally, a digital instrument based on resistance measurement has been developed for accurate moisture measurement in fibres, including jute. Furthermore, the water absorption behavior of hybrid jute-carbon/epoxy composites was investigated, showing that moisture absorption increased with immersion time, reaching maximum contents of 0.45% to 0.61% depending on the fiber volume fraction. Overall, the moisture content of jute powder can be influenced by various factors and processing techniques.
What effect do new photocatalysts (eg Z-Scheme hetrojunction) have on the photocatalyst degradation process?
5 answers
The introduction of new photocatalysts, such as Z-Scheme heterojunctions, significantly enhances the photocatalytic degradation process. These advanced photocatalysts exhibit exceptional performance due to improved light absorption, enhanced charge carrier separation, and efficient electron transfer. For instance, the Z-Scheme system of LaFeO3/g-C3N4 demonstrated a 14.6 times increase in hydrogen production compared to single-component g-C3N4, along with high degradation rates of organic dyes. Similarly, the 3D/2D composite photocatalysts showed a 5.8-fold increase in photodegradation efficiency for Rhodamine B under visible light irradiation, attributed to enhanced redox capability and reduced carrier recombination. These innovative photocatalysts pave the way for sustainable water treatment solutions by efficiently degrading pollutants and addressing environmental challenges.
What is autogenous self-healing?
4 answers
Autogenous self-healing refers to the natural ability of materials like cementitious composites and concrete to repair cracks without external intervention. This process can occur through mechanisms like continuing hydration, carbonation, or the formation of products like calcium carbonate to fill cracks. Various strategies enhance autogenous self-healing, such as incorporating autolytic mineral microspheres (AMM), using specific agents like superabsorbent polymers or bacteria, and maintaining constant hydration. Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) demonstrate effective autogenous self-healing by closing microcracks through internal mechanisms, improving durability and service life. Additionally, adjusting mixture proportions and curing conditions can significantly enhance late-age autogenous self-healing efficiency in ECC.
How to calculate photothermal conversion efficiency of AgNP films?
4 answers
To calculate the photothermal conversion efficiency of AgNP films, a method involving the determination of the heat generation and light absorption properties is essential. The photothermal conversion efficiency can be quantified by analyzing the heat generated at the AgNP film upon solar light irradiation compared to a reference flat evaporated-Ag film. Additionally, the photothermal conversion efficiency of nanoparticles in solution can be accurately determined using a calorimetric method, where the induced heating power is related to the absorbed and incident optical powers. Furthermore, the photothermal performance of AuNPs embedded on PDMS films can be measured under NIR irradiation to assess the photothermal effect, with the surface temperature being adjustable based on the AuNPs' density and mechanical stretching. These methods provide insights into evaluating the photothermal conversion efficiency of AgNP films and other nanomaterials.