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The analysis based on these models suggests that the electrogenic pump of theChara membrane is mainly a 2H+/1ATP pump.
A “modified pump” is suggested, which is suitable for village water supply.
Further, we propose a simple model for the stacking pump and predict that the velocity of such a stacking pump with a thin limit is larger than 67% of that of a circular cylindrical half-coating pump of the same length.
Since overlarge axial force can damage the pump, accurate calculation formula of axial force on pump is very significant.
A photovoltaic driven pump can be used to replace the standard electrical pump.
It is concluded that the peaking capacitor has a favorable effect on the generation and propagation of the underwater streamer.
The presented measurement results show an efficiency of up to 77.9 % and an improvement by up to 18 % if compared to the same charge pump architecture using a standard capacitor.
The new pump is significantly more space efficient than the previous design and can be fabricated on one single sided silicon wafer and assembled modularly (in parts), providing much greater testing and characterization capabilities at different points in the process, as well as a significantly higher yield and better control over critical pump parameters.

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What properties of a cell or particle can be measured by a flow cytometer?
5 answers
A flow cytometer can measure various properties of cells or particles, including physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. These properties encompass cell size, membrane potential, DNA and RNA quantities, surface antigens, enzymes, proteins, and more. Additionally, flow cytometers can provide information on the degree of internal composition of cells, cell cycle status, and immune response. Electrical properties of single cells, such as impedance, can also be assessed using impedance flow cytometry, offering label-free biomarkers for disease and immunity studies. Furthermore, scanning flow cytometers enable accurate and quantitative estimates of cellular properties through angle-resolved scattered light measurements, allowing for size and refractive index determination of particles, as well as the potential for label-free characterization of biological samples.
How effective are current RT-PCR methods for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in water sources, and what are the limitations?
5 answers
Current RT-PCR methods for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in water sources have shown effectiveness but come with limitations. Studies have highlighted challenges such as low virus levels in wastewater samples, the presence of contaminants affecting RT-qPCR analysis, and the impact of factors like temperature, suspended solids, pH, and disinfectants on virus stability in wastewater. To enhance detection, methods like template dilution and sample stabilization have been explored, leading to improved SARS-CoV-2 detection in wastewater samples. Additionally, the use of advanced techniques like RT-ddPCR has shown higher sensitivity compared to RT-qPCR for quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. Despite these advancements, refining detection and quantification methods is crucial to better understand the role of wastewater in virus transmission and to address the limitations associated with current RT-PCR methods.
What is aerogel for medical application?
5 answers
Aerogel, a highly porous material with unique properties, is increasingly explored for medical applications. It can be derived from various sources like inorganic, organic, carbon, and biopolymers, offering a wide range of functionalities. Aerogels have shown promise in biomedical fields such as drug delivery, wound healing, tissue engineering, and diagnostics. Particularly, bio-based aerogels, like those derived from polysaccharides, exhibit biodegradability, low toxicity, and biocompatibility, making them advantageous for medical applications. Aerogels made from materials such as cellulose have been investigated for their potential in wound dressings, providing a moist environment for optimal healing and controlled drug release. Overall, aerogels present exciting opportunities in the medical sector due to their versatile properties and diverse applications.
Is there a need from the industry to develop new pH sensors?
4 answers
Yes, there is a significant industry demand for the development of new pH sensors due to various applications requiring accurate pH monitoring. Different studies have highlighted the need for improved pH sensors in fields such as biological sample analysis, perishable food industry, health monitoring for disease prevention, and chemical processes. The advancements in pH sensor technology include optochemical sensors for cell analysis, polymer waveguide Bragg grating sensors for enhanced sensitivity, and ISFET-based sensors with machine learning for drift compensation. These developments address challenges like toxicity, stability, sensitivity, miniaturization, and drift compensation, making the new pH sensors more efficient and reliable for a wide range of industries.
What is the most widely used pH sensor?
4 answers
The most widely used pH sensor is the Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor (ISFET). ISFETs are extensively employed in various fields such as food processing, health monitoring, water quality monitoring, agriculture, wastewater monitoring, and biomedical engineering. These sensors are based on the principle of measuring hydrogen ion concentration in electrolytic solutions. ISFETs have a broad application spectrum in biomedicine, biology, chemistry, and environmental areas due to their versatility and reliability. Additionally, solid-state ion-selective electrodes have been developed to miniaturize pH sensors, enhancing their usability and practicality in different applications. The ISFET technology, with its robust performance and adaptability, remains a popular choice for pH sensing in diverse industries and research domains.
Is traditional pH electrode the most widely used pH sensor?
5 answers
Traditional pH electrodes, like glass electrodes, have been widely used for pH sensing but face challenges such as fragility and drift. Recent research has explored alternative pH sensors to overcome these limitations. Studies have introduced solid-state ion-selective electrodes based on hydrogen ionophores or emeraldine-polyaniline for miniaturized pH sensors. Additionally, graphene oxide electrodes prepared using a modified Hummer's method have shown promise for pH measurement, offering a potentiometric gradient of 51 mV/pH and convenience in daily use. Furthermore, pH sensors based on indoaniline-derivatives have been developed, utilizing alternating current voltammetry to measure pH accurately in various substances with comparable results to glass electrodes. These advancements indicate a shift towards diverse pH sensor technologies beyond traditional electrodes in various applications.
What are the key factors affecting the performance of electrochemical energy storage systems?
5 answers
The performance of electrochemical energy storage systems is influenced by various factors. These include the intrinsic properties of materials, such as self-discharge, coulombic efficiency, and solid-electrolyte interface formation. Additionally, external service environments like extreme temperatures, stress, and radiation can significantly impact the performance of these systems. Electrode materials and electrolytes play a crucial role in determining the energy and power density of the systems. Moreover, the separator in electrochemical devices is essential for controlling features like power density and durability. Understanding these factors is vital for optimizing the performance of electrochemical energy storage systems to meet the increasing demand for efficient and sustainable energy solutions.
How to store hydrogels?
5 answers
Hydrogels can be effectively stored using various methods outlined in the research papers. One approach involves utilizing a hydrogel storage container with a sealed inner space to prevent air drying and maintain the hydrogel's original characteristics for an extended period. Another method involves storing stained gels in flexible nonsealed polyethylene bags, creating a microsaturated environment that prevents significant shrinking or protein diffusion, making it convenient for various applications like in-gel digestion or autoradiography. Additionally, hydrogels can be used in evaporative cooling packaging to extend the storage stability of pharmaceuticals without refrigeration, offering a cost-effective solution for storing thermolabile products in developing regions. Furthermore, smart hydrogels can act as storage elements in microfluidic systems, responding to environmental stimuli and facilitating reagent storage and droplet formation capabilities.
What are the technologies to detect high voltage without contact?
5 answers
Various technologies have been developed to detect high voltage without direct contact. One approach involves using a non-contact active DC high voltage detector that can measure and display voltages generated in capacitors, enabling the calculation of discharged electric charges. Another method focuses on non-contact diagnostics of high-voltage insulators, utilizing partial discharge detection through electromagnetic, acoustic, and electro-optical sensors for remote monitoring and diagnosis of insulator conditions. Additionally, a non-contact voltage detector based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology has been proposed, setting a detection threshold to effectively identify powered conductors from a distance, particularly useful for UHV transmission lines. These technologies offer safe and efficient ways to detect high voltage without the need for direct contact.
How does Sample preparation?
5 answers
Sample preparation is a critical step in analytical processes, involving the extraction, isolation, and concentration of analytes. Various techniques like solid-phase extraction, centrifugation, and filtration are commonly used for sample purification and enrichment. In medical applications, microfluidic devices have emerged as a miniaturized and automated solution for sample preparation, with platform-independent methods being proposed to address the constraints of different microfluidic platforms. In forensic toxicology, sample preparation methods vary based on sample type and the analyte of interest, commonly involving decontamination, physical alteration, and analyte extraction, with a crucial need to evaluate for any analyte loss during preparation. Overall, efficient sample preparation techniques are essential for reliable and accurate analysis in various fields, influencing the quality and outcomes of subsequent analytical procedures.
What are the benefits of seed papers?
5 answers
Seed papers offer various benefits across different fields. They enable labor-saving in seeding work for immature vegetables through hydroponic culture. In the scientific realm, seed papers play a crucial role in identifying influential papers, termed as 'seed' papers, using quantitative metrics based on co-citation network analysis. Moreover, seed papers facilitate sensitive allergen detection by providing a method for nucleic acid extraction from plant seed allergens using paper-based microfluidics, enhancing detection specificity and repeatability. Additionally, seed vigor assessment is streamlined through the development of rapid tests using urinary sugar analysis paper, aiding in the selection of high-quality seeds for agronomic and horticultural crops. Furthermore, the utilization of printed paper waste as a peat substitute in growing media enhances sustainability in agriculture by partially replacing peat and improving growing media characteristics for seedling production.