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How much voltage does a starter solenoid need? 

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The proposed model can be used for the assessment of any solenoid, including fast-acting devices.
The theoretical description along with practical test on a commercial solenoid actuator reveals the limitations of solenoid operation at high acceleration and current.
This research presents a simple and practical method to improve the dynamic performance of high speed on/off solenoid valve.
A good performance of optimized solenoid actuator has been verified through the experiment.
Moreover, application of starter N must be guided by the soil nitrate content.
We show how to relate the model resistance to the resistance of the actual solenoid, so that the model can be better used in practice.
The simulation results indicated that as the boost voltage increases, the rising rate of the driving current at the solenoid valve increases sharply, which favors the quick opening of the solenoid, while the power losses caused by the eddy current at the iron core increase rapidly.
Experimental results indicated that the performance of the new high-speed powerful digital solenoid valve was outstanding.
The model results predict that the solenoid valve is susceptible to a coupled electrical–thermo-mechanical failure mechanism.
Further analysis of the current density in the solenoid armature shows that the skin effect will work in the wire of the solenoid, but it has little influence on the system performance.

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