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Vaccines may be effective as post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) in contacts, but no data are yet available for COVID19 vaccines.
Our results indicate a positive impact of COVID-19 vaccines on SARS-CoV-2 case rates.
This study for the first time provides human serological data for the design of vaccines against COVID-19.
Building upon the previous randomized trials of these vaccines, this study demonstrates their real-world effectiveness in reducing the rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity among individuals at highest risk for infection.

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What is the highest accuracy achieved on DAiSEE dataset?
5 answers
The highest accuracy achieved on the DAiSEE dataset was 77.97% using the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) dimensional reduction technique in a study that utilized Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for feature extraction. Previous research on the DAiSEE dataset had shown unsatisfactory results with standard models like CNN-based models. The DAiSEE dataset is the first multi-label video classification dataset designed for recognizing affective states like boredom, confusion, engagement, and frustration, with annotations by expert psychologists. This dataset has been crucial for developing robust models for engagement analysis in various domains, including education and client meetings. The accuracy achieved in this study surpasses previous benchmark evaluation values on the DAiSEE dataset, showcasing advancements in detecting students' engagement during online learning.
What are the stages of embryonic development in chickens?
5 answers
The embryonic development stages in chickens involve crucial processes from fertilization to hatching. Initially, the fertilized oocyte progresses through stages like zygote formation, followed by the development of extra-embryonic tissues such as the sub-embryonic fluid, yolk sac, amnion, and chorion-allantois membrane (CAM). During the incubation period, visible changes occur daily, including the formation of the cicatricle, cardiovascular system, rudimentary feathers, claws, and egg tooth. Transcription factors play a significant role in regulating gene expression patterns during early chicken embryo development, with Zf-C2H2, Homeobox, and bHLH being dominant families involved in embryogenesis. Macroscopic and microscopic observations reveal the identification of nervous system structures, skin, appendages, and sensory organs from the second day of incubation onwards, highlighting the chronological progression of embryonic development in chickens.
How does the decomposition rate of straw in soil vary depending on soil type and climate conditions?
5 answers
The decomposition rate of straw in soil is influenced by various factors such as soil moisture content, microbial communities, and climate conditions. Research indicates that the addition of rumen microorganisms can enhance the decomposition of straw, with optimal results observed at 70% soil moisture content. Furthermore, future climate scenarios are projected to accelerate straw decay rates during the early decomposition phase, impacting microbial community assembly and interactions. Agronomic measures like nitrogen input, burial depth, and straw return quantity significantly affect the decomposition rates of wheat and maize straw in a crop rotation system. Additionally, the succession of microbial decomposers during straw decomposition occurs in distinct phases, with different microbial taxa dominating each phase, showcasing the dynamic nature of the process. Incorporating shredded straw into soil improves soil properties and biological activity, ultimately enhancing plant nutrition and crop yields while reducing the need for additional fertilizers.
Why does report survey important?
5 answers
Survey reports are crucial due to their ability to measure elements like attitudes, opinions, and beliefs, providing valuable and reliable insights into various fields. However, the quality of survey-based research reports is essential, as poorly designed surveys can lead to incorrect inferences and biased reporting, undermining the credibility of survey studies. To enhance the quality of survey studies, guidelines have been developed to ensure proper design, rigorous methodology, and transparent reporting, ultimately improving the interpretation and justification of survey results. Despite the subjectivity and response biases associated with self-report surveys, they remain a common method for quantifying human mental states, serving as ground truth for predictive models in affective computing and sensing technologies. Therefore, adhering to reporting guidelines and ensuring the reliability of survey data are crucial for producing accurate and valuable insights across various research domains.
How much humic acid is in subbituminous coal?
4 answers
Sub-bituminous coal contains varying amounts of humic acid depending on the extraction method and coal type. Studies have shown that humic acid yield from sub-bituminous coals can range from 1.5% to 11.1%. Additionally, when sub-bituminous coals are subjected to nitric acid oxidation followed by KOH extraction, the yield of nitrohumic acids (NHA) can be significantly higher, ranging from 7.5% to 88.2%. Furthermore, the extraction of humic substances from sub-bituminous coals using 0.5 N NaOH solution resulted in the extraction of 31.5% of humic substances from Pasaman sub-bituminous coal. Therefore, the amount of humic acid in sub-bituminous coal can vary based on the extraction techniques employed, with the potential for higher yields through specific chemical treatments.
How does magnetic field influence anaerobic digestion?
5 answers
The influence of magnetic fields on anaerobic digestion processes has been extensively studied. Various studies have shown that magnetic fields can positively impact anaerobic digestion by promoting methane production and enhancing the degradation of organic compounds. The application of dynamic magnetic fields (DMF) has been found to induce electromotive forces, leading to increased methane production and promoting electron transfer in respiration chains. Similarly, the use of low-frequency electromagnetic fields has been shown to affect the physicochemical processes of methanogenesis and increase biogas yield during the fermentation of organic substrates. Additionally, the application of high-intensity static magnetic fields has been observed to influence the chemical composition of sewage sludge, impacting methane generation negatively but promoting the recovery of valuable compounds. Overall, magnetic fields play a significant role in enhancing anaerobic digestion processes by improving methane production and influencing the biochemical reactions involved.
What is the amount of patients with lung fibrosis after covid 19?
5 answers
Approximately 56.3% to 54.04% of post-COVID-19 patients develop lung fibrosis. Factors like longer hospital stay, severity of infection, and comorbidities increase the risk of fibrosis. A study in Brazil found that 55.6% of survivors had fibrotic changes on CT scans, with hospitalization duration during the acute phase being a significant risk factor. Additionally, COVID-19 pneumonia can worsen existing interstitial lung diseases, leading to increased CT scores and fibrosis progression in about 14.6% of cases. Post-COVID lung fibrosis can resolve in over 50% of cases within six months and nearly all cases within a year, highlighting the dynamic nature of this complication.
What are current mucosal HIV vaccine approaches?
5 answers
Current mucosal HIV vaccine approaches involve innovative strategies to induce immune responses at mucosal surfaces, crucial for preventing HIV entry. Luna Labs developed CNTVac, a carbon nanotube-based delivery system, demonstrating enhanced local and systemic antibody responses. Lessons from past trials have led to novel vaccine designs, including prime-boost strategies, mosaic antigens, viral vectors, and potent adjuvants. Studies on Rhesus macaques showed that SHIVBG505-OPV immunization stimulated significant cell-mediated responses but lacked robust humoral immunity. Efforts to enhance mucosal vaccine uptake include exploring delivery systems for the intestine, respiratory tract, and genital tracts, along with mucosal adjuvants like Toll-like receptor agonists. Future mucosal vaccines aim to utilize advanced biomaterials and nanotechnology for stable antigen delivery and improved immune responses.
What is plectin?
5 answers
Plectin is a versatile cytoskeletal protein encoded by the PLEC gene, known for its involvement in various cellular functions such as cell adhesion, signal transduction, and cancer progression. It plays a crucial role in tumor formation by promoting cell proliferation and cell-to-cell adhesion through Src signaling activity in melanoma cells. Plectin is also implicated in rare heritable disorders, known as plectinopathies, which include conditions like epidermolysis bullosa simplex and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. Furthermore, plectin is essential for maintaining keratinocyte mechanical stability in the skin by linking intermediate filaments to hemidesmosomes. The protein's diverse isoforms and functions underscore its significance in both normal cellular processes and disease pathogenesis.
Why Industry 4.0 technology important for sustainable supply chains?
5 answers
Industry 4.0 technologies play a crucial role in enhancing sustainable supply chains by enabling real-time visibility, data-driven decision-making, and efficiency improvements. These technologies, such as IoT, blockchain, and Big Data, facilitate the collection, analysis, and transmission of data throughout the supply chain, ensuring traceability, resource efficiency, and waste reduction. By incorporating disruptive technologies, companies can measure and enhance supply chain sustainability performance, aligning strategic decisions with long-term viability and profitability. The adoption of Industry 4.0 practices, like digitalized monitoring and dedicated R&D teams, enables companies to address critical success factors for sustainable supply chain management, ultimately leading to a more agile, competitive, and environmentally conscious supply chain ecosystem.
What is the effectiveness of insecticide formulas based on vinegar and sugar in controlling insect populations?
5 answers
Insecticide formulas based on sugar have shown effectiveness in controlling insect populations. Studies have highlighted the potential of sugar baits containing sugar alcohols like erythritol and xylitol to induce mortalities in various insect species, including mosquitoes and filth flies. Additionally, the combination of sugar with insecticides in insecticidal sugar baits (ISBs) has proven effective in reducing adult insect populations, such as the biting midge Culicoides sonorensis, a vector of multiple viruses, with pyrethroid treatments showing high mortality rates. However, the efficacy of insecticides in controlling vinegar flies, important vectors of fruit rots in vineyards, has shown variable levels of resistance in populations collected from Michigan vineyards, emphasizing the need for integrated management approaches less reliant on insecticides for controlling these insects.