scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

How to identify a motor neuron? 

Motor neuron
Motor cortex
Spinal muscular atrophy
Neuron
Interneuron

Answers from top 9 papers

More filters
Papers (9)Insight
Journal Article•DOI
Motor cortical encoding of serial order in a context-recall task.
Adam F. Carpenter, Apostolos P. Georgopoulos, Giuseppe Pellizzer 
12 Mar 1999-Science
182 Citations
This establishes the serial order of stimuli in a motor task as an important determinant of motor cortical activity during stimulus presentation and in the absence of changes in peripheral motor events, in contrast to the commonly held view of the motor cortex as just an "upper motor neuron."
Book Chapter•DOI
Experimental Paradigms of Motor Neuron Degeneration
Michael J. Strong, Ralph M. Garruto 
01 Jan 1994
19 Citations
Therefore, in designing paradigms of motor neuron degeneration, it is important to differentiate among those degenerative processes that can affect upper or lower motor neurons selectively or in a combination, and yet still yield relatively similar disease states.
Journal Article•DOI
Regional and laminar differences in in vivo firing patterns of primate cortical neurons.
Shigeru Shinomoto, Youichi Miyazaki, Hiroshi Tamura, Ichiro Fujita 
01 Jul 2005-Journal of Neurophysiology
57 Citations
Moreover, we show that spike trains obtained from a single cortical neuron can provide a clue that helps to identify its layer localization.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI
Parallel processing of proprioceptive signals by spiking local interneurons and motor neurons in the locust.
Malcolm Burrows
01 Apr 1987-The Journal of Neuroscience
145 Citations
An afferent can therefore synapse directly upon a motor neuron and a spiking local interneuron.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI
Single neuron control over a complex motor program
William N. Frost, Paul S. Katz 
09 Jan 1996-Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
113 Citations
Because most of the sensory information appears to be funneled through this one neuron as it enters the pattern generator, DRI presents a striking example of single neuron control over a complex motor circuit.
Journal Article•DOI
Persistent and transient “conduction block” in motor neuron diseases
Dale J. Lange, Werner Trojaborg, T. D. McDonald, D. M. Blake 
01 Sep 1993-Muscle & Nerve
36 Citations
If conduction block persists in motor neuron disease, then a more reproducible means for identification would be available.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI
The human central nervous system transmits common synaptic inputs to distinct motor neuron pools during non-synergistic digit actions.
A. Del Vecchio, Carina Marconi Germer, Leonardo Abdala Elias, Qiushi Fu, Justin M. Fine, Marco Santello, Dario Farina 
01 Dec 2019-The Journal of Physiology
40 Citations
The observed connectivity indicates that motor neuron pools receive common input even when digit actions do not belong to a common behavioural repertoire.
Journal Article•DOI
The neck motor system of the fly Calliphora erythrocephala. I: Muscles and motor neurons
Nicholas J. Strausfeld, H. S. Seyan, Jürgen J. Milde 
01 Mar 1987-Journal of Comparative Physiology A-neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology
125 Citations
Motor neurons supplying associated muscles of a block share the same peripheral motor nerve and have dendrites in a common area of neuropil.4.The complex shape of motor neuron dendrites suggests that a variety of sensory fibres and interneurons converge on them.
Journal Article•DOI
Hereditary motor neuropathies and motor neuron diseases: which is which.
Clemens Oliver Hanemann, Albert C. Ludolph 
01 Jan 2002-Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
12 Citations
Insights into these phenotypes should lead to study of the variants of motor neuron disease and possibly to a reclassification.

Related Questions

How many motor neurons are there in the brain?3 answers
What is the largest neuron in the body?6 answers
What is the longest neuron in the human body?3 answers
What is the longest neuron in your body?4 answers
What microscope can see neurons?6 answers
What motor neurons does MS affect?2 answers

See what other people are reading

What are the implications of event-related potentials on the function of the default mode network?
5 answers
Event-related potentials (ERPs) provide insights into information processing in the brain, including the default mode network (DMN) function. ERPs reflect cognitive control, memory, and affective systems, with components associated with distinct psychological operations. The DMN, a network implicated in processing external events, plays a central role in representing surprise and prediction errors. Additionally, the DMN interacts with the attention network to monitor and inhibit divergent activations, especially in response to unconscious cues below the perceptual threshold. Furthermore, dynamic interactions between the DMN and motor networks influence motor processing, with connectivity alterations observed during motor readiness states. Therefore, ERPs shed light on the cognitive functions of the DMN, highlighting its involvement in various processes such as surprise representation, prediction errors, and motor preparation.What is the impact of exercise intensity on cortical activity?
5 answers
Different exercise intensities have varying impacts on cortical activity. Moderate to high-intensity exercises have been shown to increase prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation during cognitive tasks, indicating improved neural processing. Specifically, high-intensity aerobic exercise has been linked to increased cortical activation in the frontal lobe, without affecting temporal lobe activity. Additionally, high-intensity interval training has demonstrated increased corticospinal excitability and reduced inhibition, potentially enhancing motor learning through cortical neuroplasticity. Furthermore, high-intensity exercise training programs have shown to enhance PFC functioning, cognitive performance, cardiac autonomic control, and psychosocial aspects in individuals with a history of drug abuse. Overall, exercise intensity plays a crucial role in modulating cortical activity, with higher intensities often leading to more pronounced effects on neural processing.How does gene therapy work in the context of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)?
5 answers
Gene therapy for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) involves replacing the deficient SMN1 gene to increase survival motor neuron (SMN) protein levels. Onasemnogene abeparvovec, a gene therapy using a modified virus to deliver the SMN1 gene, has shown promising results in SMA treatment. The timing of gene therapy initiation is crucial for optimal outcomes, as demonstrated by cases where early treatment led to normal motor development. Studies have reported significant improvements in motor function after gene therapy, with manageable side effects like transient liver enzyme elevation and thrombocytopenia. Combining gene therapy with other strategies, such as CRISPR-Cas9-based genome editing, shows potential for correcting SMA mutations and providing long-term therapeutic benefits. Overall, gene therapy offers a targeted approach to address the root cause of SMA by restoring SMN protein levels.How many neurons ar e in the human brain vs. mouse brain?
5 answers
The human brain contains approximately 86.1 billion neurons, as determined by the isotropic fractionator method, challenging the common belief of 100 billion neurons. In contrast, the mouse brain has around 75 million neurons, significantly fewer than the human brain. Despite the vast difference in neuron numbers, the synaptic connectivity and circuit architecture between human and mouse brains show interesting similarities. While human cortical samples exhibit a 2.5-fold increase in interneurons compared to mice, the excitation-to-inhibition ratio remains similar between the species, indicating a conserved inhibitory-to-excitatory input balance. This suggests that despite the substantial evolutionary divergence and the vast difference in neuron numbers, certain fundamental aspects of neuronal circuitry remain consistent between human and mouse brains.How do artificial neural networks model the structure and function of the human brain to process complex data?
4 answers
Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) mimic the human brain's structure and function to process complex data. ANNs consist of interconnected nodes, analogous to neurons in the brain, which receive and process information through weighted connections, similar to synapses in the brain. Just like biological neurons communicate to learn, ANNs learn by example and through interconnected nodes. The parallel distributed processing nature of ANNs mirrors the brain's ability to store and retrieve information in a distributed manner, enabling efficient data processing. By simulating the brain's neural connections and learning mechanisms, ANNs can model complex patterns, make predictions, and process various types of data, resembling the brain's cognitive functions.How does the myelin sheath's thickness affect the speed of action potential in neurons?
5 answers
The thickness of the myelin sheath significantly impacts the speed of action potential propagation in neurons. Thicker myelin sheaths, typically found in large-distance axonal connections or fast-spiking interneurons, enhance conduction velocity and energy efficiency. Myelin acts as an electrical insulator, confining action potentials to nodes of Ranvier in myelinated neurons, controlling their shapes, timings, and propagation speeds. In demyelinated axons, compensatory processes like mitochondrial mass increase and a switch from saltatory to continuous propagation are required to maintain axon functionality, albeit at the cost of reduced speed and increased energy expenditure. Lack of myelin, as seen in demyelinating diseases, exposes potassium channels to induce action potentials, highlighting the role of myelin in limiting hyperexcitability.How does migration contribute to unplaned and uncordinated settlements?
4 answers
Migration plays a significant role in the formation of unplanned and uncoordinated settlements. The influx of migrants, driven by factors such as social inequality and the search for economic opportunities, leads to the establishment of informal settlements. These settlements often lack basic services like healthcare, education, and infrastructure, causing tensions within the communities and sometimes resulting in attacks against immigrants. The nonlinear migratory process, influenced by local income differentials, motivates individuals to move to areas offering optimal economic prospects, contributing to the spatially heterogeneous distribution of populations and the formation of settlements. Understanding the complex interplay between migration patterns, social inequalities, and economic drivers is crucial for addressing the challenges posed by unplanned urban development and promoting sustainable urban growth.Does pleasure to stimulus correlate with tenderness threshold?
5 answers
Pleasure to a stimulus may not directly correlate with tenderness threshold. Research on sensory stimulation and threshold sensitivity suggests that different protocols, such as the method of limits or staircase method, can be used to measure sensitivity to stimuli. Additionally, studies on nociceptive threshold estimation highlight the importance of stimulus selection procedures, with a proposed adaptive procedure based on stochastic stimulus selection for tracking thresholds effectively. Furthermore, neural activity models indicate that threshold-crossing spiking processes within populations of neurons can lead to asymmetric spike correlations, suggesting a preference for neurons with lower thresholds to fire first, even with identical inputs. Therefore, while pleasure to a stimulus may influence sensory experiences, tenderness thresholds are likely influenced by complex neural processes beyond just the perceived pleasure.Does sonic hedgehog signaling stimulate muscle differentiation?
5 answers
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling plays a crucial role in stimulating muscle differentiation. Research indicates that Shh is involved in the specification of cortical superficial layer subtypes, promotes slow muscle differentiation cell-autonomously, and drives embryonic stem cells towards skeletal muscle differentiation by activating the Wnt pathway and inhibiting Smad2/3 and Shh target genes. Moreover, Shh can directly act on myoblasts, inducing Gli1 expression, myogenin up-regulation, and terminal differentiation, enhancing both muscle and non-muscle cell differentiation. These findings collectively demonstrate that Sonic hedgehog signaling indeed stimulates muscle differentiation through various mechanisms, highlighting its significance in the development and specialization of muscle tissues.Where do long range vip projection neurons come from?
5 answers
Long-range VIP projection neurons originate from the auditory and motor cortices in mice, as demonstrated by anatomical anterograde and retrograde viral tracing. These VIP-expressing neurons send GABAergic projections to various cortical and subcortical regions, including the contralateral auditory cortex, ipsilateral striatum, amygdala, medial geniculate body, superior and inferior colliculus, dorsal striatum, and contralateral cortex. VIP-expressing inhibitory interneurons in the primary motor cortex (MOp) receive inputs from the orbital frontal cortex (ORB), associated with reinforcement learning and value predictions, indicating their role in integrating reward-related information for local circuit plasticity during motor learning. Additionally, in the hippocampus, VIP+ interneurons known as VIP-LRPs innervate CA1 and project to the subiculum, showing molecular diversity and functional specialization in controlling cell ensembles along the hippocampo-subicular axis.Do single neurons secrete OXT and AVP?
6 answers
Single neurons within the hypothalamus, specifically magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs), have traditionally been characterized by their selective secretion of either oxytocin (OXT) or arginine vasopressin (AVP), which are critical for a range of physiological processes including lactation, body fluid homeostasis, and social behaviors. However, recent research has nuanced this understanding by revealing that some neurons can coexpress both OXT and AVP, albeit in varying amounts, suggesting a more complex regulatory mechanism of neuropeptide secretion than previously thought. Qualitative and quantitative analyses have shown that the majority of magnocellular neurons coexpress OXT and AVP mRNA, with three major phenotypes identified based on the ratios of these two peptide mRNAs: oxytocin neurons, vasopressin neurons, and one phenotype where both mRNAs coexist in nearly equal amounts. This coexpression is further supported by single-cell RT-PCR protocol findings, which detected both OXT and AVP mRNA in all evaluated MNCs, indicating a small but significant level of the other nonapeptide's mRNA in each cell type. Moreover, the discovery of hybrid mRNA molecules resulting from non-homologous crossing over of the AVP and OXT genes in magnocellular neurons of both normal and Brattleboro rats, which produce either AVP, OXT, or a hybrid peptide, adds another layer to the understanding of neuropeptide secretion by single neurons. This genetic recombination suggests a potential mechanism for the coexistence of AVP and OXT within the same neuron, although the physiological implications of these hybrid peptides remain to be fully elucidated. In summary, while the traditional view posits that single neurons in the hypothalamus selectively secrete either OXT or AVP, emerging evidence indicates that some neurons can indeed coexpress and potentially secrete both neuropeptides, challenging previous assumptions and highlighting the complexity of neuroendocrine regulation.