How to reduce estrogen in men in India?
Answers from top 8 papers
More filters
| Papers (8) | Insight |
|---|---|
10 Citations | Surprisingly, in men estrogens appear to ... |
| However, testosterone therapy alone cannot be recommended for estrogen deplete women because of the potential risk of enhanced aromatisation to estrogen in this setting. | |
| In this study, testosterone treatment showed a neutral effect on insulin resistance and glycemic control and failed to improve dyslipidemia, control blood pressure, or reduce visceral fat significantly in Asian Indian men with T2DM and hypogonadism. | |
| Long-term clinical studies of estrogen therapy in men, therefore, appear entirely feasible. | |
103 Citations | These observations suggest that estrogen, in the amount normally produced in men, may offer some degree of protection against cardiovascular disease in males, as they do in women. |
87 Citations | Furthermore, it is possible that future estrogen therapy might be beneficial for men. |
40 Citations | In these women, continuation of estrogen or estrogen–progestin replacement therapy may be beneficial. |
254 Citations | Selection factors for use of estrogen are evident and may introduce bias in studies of estrogen and disease. |
My columns
Related Questions
See what other people are reading
What are the common factors that contribute to parenting stress in school refusal behavior?
5 answers
Parenting stress in school refusal behavior can be influenced by various factors. Research highlights that parental psychopathology, family functioning, maternal overprotection, ineffective and inconsistent parenting, parental marital disharmony, different parenting styles (controlling, avoidant, supportive, aggressive), and cultural backgrounds can all contribute to parenting stress in cases of school refusal. Parents often question their choices and face challenges in navigating the school system, especially when belonging to minority groups, which can further exacerbate stress levels. Additionally, parents' perspectives indicate that school factors such as lack of predictability, inadequate teacher support, disruptive behavior among classmates, harsh management, bullying, and insufficient adaptation of schoolwork can also impact parenting stress in school refusal cases. Understanding and addressing these factors are crucial in effectively managing school refusal behavior.What is dicalcium phosphate dihydrate in context of osteoinduction and osteoconduction?5 answers
Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) is a crystalline calcium phosphate phase with significant implications in osteoinduction and osteoconduction. Studies have shown that DCPD can be utilized in bone tissue engineering to create strong composites suitable for such applications. Additionally, DCPD has been found to have high healing potential due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and biomechanical properties, making it a promising material for bone defect treatment. Furthermore, DCPD-rich calcium phosphate cement has been shown to enhance bioresorption and new bone formation rates, indicating its potential for improving bone reconstruction therapies. Overall, DCPD emerges as a valuable component in biomaterial development for promoting bone healing and regeneration, showcasing its importance in the field of orthopedics and bone tissue engineering.What is the evidence for tubulin or microtubules in interphase nuclei under physiological or pathophysiological conditions?10 answers
Evidence for the presence and function of tubulin or microtubules in interphase nuclei under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions emerges from various studies, highlighting their roles beyond traditional cytoplasmic functions. Schwarzerová et al. demonstrated that α- and β-tubulins contain multiple conserved nuclear export sequences, suggesting a potential function of tubulin within the nucleus, possibly related to its exclusion from interphase nuclei via the Exportin 1/CRM1 pathway. This is further supported by the observation of tubulin accumulation in interphase nuclei during cold-induced disintegration of cytoplasmic microtubules, which reverses upon rewarming, indicating a dynamic nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttle of tubulin in response to environmental stress.
Microtubules, composed of α/β-tubulin heterodimers, exhibit structural variations based on α-tubulin isotypes, which could influence their intranuclear roles, as different structures could be tuned for specific functions within the nucleus. Gerlitz et al. found that microtubules can induce nuclear envelope folding and affect nuclear envelope-associated heterochromatin levels, suggesting a direct role in chromatin organization and gene expression during interphase. This is consistent with findings that microtubule dynamics are involved in DNA damage response and repair, indicating a critical role in maintaining genome stability.
Furthermore, γ-tubulin, typically associated with microtubule nucleation in the cytoplasm, has been identified within nucleoli, suggesting additional nuclear-specific functions, possibly related to ribosomal DNA transcription or chromatin organization. This notion is supported by the involvement of microtubules in nuclear morphology alterations, chromatin remodeling, and transcriptional regulation, as mechanical cues transmitted through microtubules can influence gene expression by mediating chromatin accessibility.
The presence of tubulin in nuclei under pathophysiological conditions, such as oncogenic transformation, leads to alterations in nuclear architecture, chromatin organization, and gene expression, highlighting the importance of tubulin in nuclear integrity and function. Microtubule dynamics also affect chromatin structure and function during interphase, facilitating the transport of transcription factors and influencing chromatin spatial organization. Lastly, the reorganization of microtubule arrays during the cell cycle, including transitions into interphase, suggests a coordinated mechanism for microtubule nucleation and function that extends from the cytoplasm into the nuclear compartment.
Together, these studies provide compelling evidence for the presence and functional significance of tubulin and microtubules within interphase nuclei, underlining their roles in chromatin organization, gene expression, and nuclear architecture under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions.What are z-scheme heterojunctions?5 answers
Z-scheme heterojunctions are advanced photocatalytic structures that enhance charge separation and redox capabilities for efficient catalytic reactions. These heterojunctions involve the strategic combination of two or more semiconductors with suitable energy band structures to create an extended light absorption range and promote effective electron-hole pair separation. By constructing compact interfaces favoring Z-scheme charge transfer, these heterojunctions significantly improve photocatalytic performance, such as achieving high selectivity, efficiency, and stability in chemical/fuel production. The Z-scheme design allows for the modulation of charge transfer pathways, leading to enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction and other catalytic reactions with superior selectivity and activity.Which are the most implemented feasible and profitable treatment technologies for used tire waste?5 answers
The most implemented feasible and profitable treatment technologies for used tire waste include thermal treatment in organic solvents, coagulation detoxification combined with biodegradation, catalytic pyrolysis using spent fluid catalytic cracking catalysts, and catalytic cracking treatment methods. Thermal treatment in organic solvents at 200–300 °C has shown effective solubilization of waste tires. Coagulation detoxification combined with biodegradation has demonstrated nearly 90% removal of organic matter from tire pyrolysis wastewater. Catalytic pyrolysis using spent fluid catalytic cracking catalysts has reduced the activation energy of waste tire pyrolysis, enhancing its efficiency. Additionally, catalytic cracking treatment methods have been developed to address issues like low recovery rates and large carbon black granules in waste tire treatment. These technologies offer promising solutions for the environmentally friendly and economically viable management of used tire waste.What are the different polymorphs of calcium carbonate?5 answers
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) exists in various polymorphs, including calcite, aragonite, and vaterite. Calcite is commonly found in sedimentary rocks, while aragonite and vaterite are present in biogenic materials like sea shells. Different shells, such as snail shells, crab shells, and eggshells, can undergo transformations to produce various polymorphs of CaCO3, each with unique characteristics. In biomedical applications, CaCO3 polymorphs like vaterite, aragonite, and calcite show distinct behaviors when interacting with human bone cells, influencing cellular proliferation. Additionally, the formation processes of CaCO3 crystals, whether geogenic, biogenic, pyrogenic, or laboratory-precipitated, result in different degrees of local structural order, affecting their interaction with electromagnetic radiation. These insights are crucial for understanding the diverse applications of different calcium carbonate polymorphs.What tubulins or microtubule binding proteins are implicated in DNA repair in mammalian cells\?10 answers
In mammalian cells, several tubulins and microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) have been implicated in the DNA repair process, highlighting the intricate relationship between the cytoskeleton and genomic integrity maintenance. Microtubule-associated proteins MAP7 and MAP7D1 have been discovered to interact with DNA repair proteins, including RAD50, BRCA1, and 53BP1, playing a novel role in cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks and cell cycle regulation. This interaction underscores the importance of the microtubule cytoskeleton in the repair of DNA damage. Additionally, mutations in tubulin genes, which are known to cause a variety of diseases, also affect the binding and function of MAPs, suggesting that tubulin mutations could indirectly influence DNA repair mechanisms through their impact on MAPs.
The centrosomal protein γ-tubulin has been identified to associate with Rad51, a key protein in recombination repair of DNA double-strand breaks, suggesting a link between DNA recombination repair and the centrosome function during the cell cycle. This association indicates that microtubules and their associated proteins play roles beyond structural support and are actively involved in the genomic maintenance processes. Furthermore, microtubule dynamics have been shown to participate in the mobility of damaged DNA and promote consequent DNA repair, emphasizing the role of microtubule networks in genome organization and stability.
Microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs) have been found to synergize with DNA-damaging agents by interfering with the trafficking of DNA repair proteins on interphase microtubules, sequestering them in the cytoplasm and affecting the DNA repair process. This interaction between MTAs and DNA repair proteins further illustrates the critical role of microtubules in the DNA damage response. End Binding (EB) proteins, which regulate microtubule dynamics, also contribute to the cellular response to DNA damage, although their direct role in DNA repair needs further elucidation.
The study of tubulin isotypes and their effects on microtubule behavior, as well as the identification of tubulin-associated proteins (TAPs), could provide deeper insights into how microtubule dynamics influence DNA repair mechanisms. The involvement of microtubule-associated proteins in DNA binding, as indicated by their affinity for eukaryotic DNA, suggests a potential direct role in the DNA repair process. Collectively, these findings highlight the multifaceted roles of tubulins and MAPs in maintaining genomic stability through DNA repair mechanisms in mammalian cells.Does parylation regulate microtubule polymerization?4 answers
The regulation of microtubule (MT) polymerization is a complex process influenced by various post-translational modifications (PTMs), including SUMOylation, ADP-ribosylation, palmitoylation, phosphorylation, and acetylation, each contributing to the dynamic stability and functional diversity of MTs in cellular processes. While the question specifically inquires about the role of "parylation" in regulating MT polymerization, it appears to be a typographical error or a less common term for ADP-ribosylation, a known PTM that directly impacts MT dynamics.
ADP-ribosylation, a form of "parylation," has been demonstrated to significantly modulate MT assembly and disassembly. In vitro experiments with bovine brain microtubule protein showed that ADP-ribosylation inhibits the assembly of microtubule protein into MTs and promotes rapid depolymerization of assembled steady-state MTs. This modification, catalyzed by an avian erythrocyte enzyme, leads to the inhibition of MT assembly through the synergistic action of ADP-ribosylated tubulin and microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2), marking the first documented case of a change in tubulin polymerization behavior arising from enzyme-catalyzed covalent modification.
Other PTMs also play significant roles in MT dynamics. For instance, SUMOylation of α-tubulin has been shown to impede MT polymerization by reducing interprotofilament interaction and promoting MT catastrophe. Palmitoylation of tubulin decreases its polymerization competence, indicating a regulatory role in MT stability. Phosphorylation, through the action of PTEN, affects MT dynamics by increasing the polymerization rate in dendritic growth cones, linking it to neuronal overgrowth and suggesting a broader regulatory mechanism involving cytoskeletal polymerization. Acetylation of β-tubulin at lysine 252, while not directly altering MT polymerization, affects the incorporation of tubulin into MTs, suggesting a nuanced role in MT dynamics. Additionally, acetylation patterns on MTs have been observed to influence their stability against disassembly, with spatially clustered acetylation patterns providing better resistance.
In summary, while the term "parylation" is not directly referenced in the provided contexts, ADP-ribosylation, a form of parylation, has been shown to regulate MT polymerization by inhibiting assembly and promoting disassembly. Other PTMs, including SUMOylation, palmitoylation, phosphorylation, and acetylation, also contribute to the regulation of MT dynamics, underscoring the complexity of PTM-mediated control of MT functions.What difficulties does the AfCFTA's implementation face?5 answers
The implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) faces several challenges. These include infrastructure gaps, revenue and job losses, overlapping memberships in Regional Economic Communities, cumbersome customs systems, difficulty in crossing African borders, fledgling micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs), inadequate technical capacity on trade policy. Additionally, the fragmented data protection regimes across African countries pose a threat to the AfCFTA's success, hindering free trade due to compliance issues. Moreover, the slow progress in meeting the targets set by Agenda 2063's First Ten-Year Implementation Plan raises concerns about the AfCFTA's effectiveness and achievement of its objectives. These challenges highlight the need for continuous actions by State Parties to address them and maximize the benefits of the AfCFTA.What is the difference between monohydrocalcite and amorphous calcium carbonate?5 answers
Monohydrocalcite (MHC) and amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) are distinct forms of calcium carbonate. MHC is a specific crystalline phase that can result from the conversion of ACC under certain conditions, such as temperature and humidity variations. On the other hand, ACC is structurally disordered and lacks long-range atomic arrangements, resembling monohydrocalcite in local atomic structure but without a defined crystal lattice. ACC serves as a precursor material influencing polymorph selection and crystallization of carbonates, while MHC represents a more stable polymorph that can form from ACC through dehydration processes, leading to the eventual transformation into nanocrystalline calcite. The distinction lies in their structural order, stability, and role in the carbonate mineralization process.How microplastics and heavy metals interact with each other in soil?4 answers
Microplastics (MPs) and heavy metals interact in soil by influencing soil properties, metal speciation, and plant growth. MPs like polyethylene (PE) can increase the bioavailability of heavy metals like Cd and Pb in soil, affecting plant growth negatively. The presence of MPs in heavy metal-contaminated soil can enhance the amount of easily exchangeable and potentially bioavailable forms of metals, altering soil pH and metal sorption/desorption processes. Additionally, MPs can serve as vectors for heavy metals, affecting soil physical, chemical, and microbiological properties, as well as plant growth and physiological toxicity. The adsorption capacities of heavy metals by LDHs are larger in the presence of MPs like PE and polypropylene (PP), with high content of MPs enhancing metal removal efficiency. Overall, the interaction between MPs and heavy metals in soil is complex, impacting soil properties, metal mobility, and plant health.