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A systematic increase of the CO2 mole fraction of carbon in the feed gas mixture alters the product distribution dramatically for cobalt FT synthesis with CO2 behaving like an inert gas at higher partial pressure of CO. With cobalt, CO appears to compete with CO2 for adsorption.
The use of advanced materials with a high selectivity and easy regeneration to capture CO 2 from a gas mixture is an effective strategy to reduce the greenhouse effect.
The greenhouse with CO2 supplied from bottles turns out to be superior to tthe greenhouse with CO2 supplied by burning gas.
This difference in behavior of CO2 over cobalt and iron could be attributed to the absence of reverse water–gas shift activity on cobalt and hydrogenation of CO2 to hydrocarbons—other than methane—will be derived through the formation of CO.
Moreover, when seawater availability of cobalt is compared to biological demands, cobalt emerges as being depleted in seawater, pointing to a potentially important limiting role.
Dissociation of methane was investigated by TPx, and the activation of C H bonds was found to occur above the hcp to fcc phase transition temperature of cobalt, indicating that methane activation to synthesis gas could be structure sensitive on metallic cobalt.
As increasing anthropogenic use and subsequent release of cobalt poses the potential to overpower natural cobalt signals in the oceans, it is more important than ever to establish a baseline understanding of cobalt distributions in the ocean.
The results reveal that the presence of partially reduced cobalt in a well-dispersed form is required for the formation of cobalt aluminate.

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What are the potential applications of contact electro catalysis in energy conversion processes?
5 answers
Contact electro-catalysis, as demonstrated in the research, offers promising applications in energy conversion processes. By utilizing electrons transferred during contact-electrification between dielectric powders and water, this novel catalytic approach can directly catalyze reactions without traditional catalysts. This mechanism has shown effectiveness in various dielectric materials like Teflon, Nylon-6,6, and rubber, expanding the range of catalytic materials available. The potential applications of contact electro-catalysis in energy conversion processes include facilitating hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, oxygen reduction, CO2 reduction, N2 fixation, alcohol oxidation reactions, and photosynthesis. This innovative approach not only enables cleaner fuel production but also holds promise for enhancing the efficiency of metal-air batteries and fuel cells, emphasizing the importance of understanding catalytic processes at different scales for practical applications.
How to quantify hydrogen production from biomasss?
4 answers
To quantify hydrogen production from biomass, various approaches have been explored in research. One method involves designing a biomass supply chain for hydrogen production with carbon capture and storage, which can produce significant amounts of low-carbon hydrogen and remove CO2 from the atmosphere. Another approach utilizes artificial smart models, such as support vector machines in conjunction with the artificial bee colony optimizer, to characterize hydrogen gas production based on biomass composition and pyrolysis processes, achieving high accuracy in predicting hydrogen gas production. Additionally, artificial neural network models have been developed to estimate the specific mass flow rate of biohydrogen output from biomass gasification, considering different feedstocks and operating parameters, with high accuracy and agreement with input data. These methods provide valuable insights into quantifying hydrogen production from biomass.
Amphiphilic catalysts for catalytic aquathermolysis of high-viscosity oil
4 answers
Amphiphilic catalysts play a crucial role in catalytic aquathermolysis of high-viscosity oil. Research has shown that catalysts like Ni(CH3COO)2 and Zn(CH3COO)2, Al ABSA, and Ni/NC-6.0exhibit significant efficiency in reducing viscosity and upgrading heavy oil. These catalysts promote reactions that lead to viscosity reduction, desulfurization, and the production of lighter hydrocarbon fractions. Additionally, the use of acidic ionic liquids like IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16, as well as transition metal complexes like NAD-Zn, have demonstrated promising results in catalyzing aquathermolysis reactions. The combination of external and in situ catalysts has shown enhanced viscosity reduction rates and improved crude oil quality through the cracking of heavy components into lighter molecules.
How do TiO2 NPs affect the production of betalains?
5 answers
TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) can impact the production of betalains by selectively impregnating them onto TiO2 nanoparticles. These nanoparticles have been shown to have low toxicity towards certain organisms, such as Pichia pastoris, and can even positively affect the production of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). However, when it comes to plants like Mentha arvensis, exposure to TiO2 NPs can lead to altered nutrient acquisition, reduced biomass, and changes in the relative peak area of major oil constituents, affecting the production of betalains. Additionally, foliar application of TiO2 NPs on tomato plants has been found to trigger changes in antioxidant system activity and lipid peroxidation, which can further influence the production of betalains. These findings highlight the diverse effects of TiO2 NPs on different organisms and their potential impact on betalain production.
How to make artificial biofilms?
4 answers
To create artificial biofilms, a method involving the combination of specific bacterial species and evaluation techniques is essential. The process includes developing an artificial biofilm using Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Streptococcus gordonii, followed by observation through microscopy and microflora analysis. Additionally, exposure to substances like chlorhexidine gluconate can be used to assess the effects on the biofilm, allowing for the evaluation of component effects. Other methods involve the production of artificial bacterial flagella through laser direct writing and wet metallization, enabling remote actuation using magnetic fields. Furthermore, the rational design of biofilm catalysts integrating extra- and intracellular catalysis systems has shown increased catalytic efficiency for biosynthesis processes. These diverse approaches highlight the multifaceted strategies involved in creating artificial biofilms for various applications.
What is the global reaction mechanism for N2O C3H6 mixture?
5 answers
The global reaction mechanisms for various reactions involving N2O and C3H6 have been extensively studied in different contexts. For instance, the reaction mechanism of NO–C3H6–CO–O2 over NiFe2O4 involves the reduction of NO by C3H6 under three-way catalytic conditions, with acetate species reacting with NO–O2 to form N2 via NCO. Additionally, a global ab initio interpolated potential-energy surface for the H + N2O → OH + N2 reaction highlights the main mechanisms involving indirect processes and direct abstraction processes. Furthermore, the ion–molecule reaction of benzene anion with nitrous oxide has been characterized, revealing main pathways and competitive reactive pathways. These studies collectively contribute to understanding the complex global reaction mechanisms of N2O and C3H6 mixtures in various chemical processes.
At what pH levels in the presence of ultrasonic iridation do DCPD and ACP phases emerge?
4 answers
In the presence of ultrasonic irradiation, the emergence of DCPD (Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate) and ACP (Amorphous calcium phosphate) phases is observed over a wide pH range. Specifically, the formation of these phases occurs in the pH range of 2-12. The ultrasonic treatment accelerates chemical reactions, leading to the rapid destruction of compounds like omethoate, with a significant portion undergoing destruction within cavitating holes. Additionally, the effect of ultrasonic irradiation on the catalytic activity of goethite powder in the presence of H2O2 at pH 3 is studied, showing enhanced decolorization of azo dye through a Fenton-like process. The synergistic effects of ultrasonic treatment of biochar in H2O with dissolved CO2 are also explored, highlighting the complexity of reactions and the impact on pH and biochar properties.
How does the presence of MWCNT and Nb2O5 affect the cyclic voltamogram of a GCE modified electrode?
4 answers
The presence of MWCNT and Nb2O5 on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) significantly impacts the cyclic voltamogram. MWCNT/chitosan/Fe2O3-modified GCE enhances the oxidation peak current of cefditoren, showing improved sensitivity for antibiotic detection. Similarly, MWCNT-modified GCE with CTAB exhibits a diffusion-controlled surface phenomenon for paclitaxel detection, indicating enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. Moreover, MWCNTs-CeO2@GCE and MWCNTs-Yb2O3@GCE sensors show up to a 40-fold increase in sensitivity for sulfisoxazole analysis, highlighting the impact of MWCNTs-REMO composites on sensor performance. Additionally, Pd/MWCNT catalysts synthesized for hydrazine electrooxidation on GCE demonstrate improved specific activity under optimized conditions, emphasizing the influence of MWCNT-supported Pd on electrode performance. These studies collectively showcase the significant influence of MWCNT and Nb2O5 on GCE cyclic voltammetry, enhancing sensitivity, selectivity, and performance for various electrochemical applications.
Are lithium and cobalt becoming scarce?
4 answers
Lithium and cobalt are facing challenges regarding their availability. The increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries, especially in electric vehicles, raises concerns about cobalt scarcity due to limited terrestrial resources and geopolitical issues in mining regions. Efforts are being made to reduce cobalt dependency in batteries by substituting it with nickel and manganese to lower costs while maintaining performance. Analyzing global mineral commodity flows reveals that a significant portion of the United States' lithium and cobalt requirements are met through imports due to limited domestic manufacturing capabilities. Despite the projected surge in lithium-ion battery demand, the short-term cobalt market is expected to remain stable, with a need for sustained investments in diversified supply sources and secondary recovery to meet future demands.
How much moles of co2 can molecular sieve absorb?
4 answers
Molecular sieves have shown promising CO2 adsorption capabilities in various studies. For instance, the supported ionic liquid [NH3e-mim][BF4] on NaY molecular sieve exhibited an adsorption capacity of 0.108 mmolCO2/g, with potential for increased performance under optimal conditions. Cobalt-silicon molecular sieves (CSMS) synthesized without organic templates displayed a high CO2 uptake of 1.86 mmol·g−1, along with excellent CO2/N2 selectivity of 123. Additionally, molecular sieve silica (MSS) membranes derived from tetraethyl-orthosilicate (TEOS) demonstrated a peak H2/CO permselectivity of 57 at 150°C, with a H2 permeation rate of 5.14 x 10^-8 mol.m^-2.s^-1.Pa^-1 for high-quality membranes. These findings collectively highlight the potential of molecular sieves for efficient CO2 adsorption, with varying capacities and selectivities based on the specific material and conditions.
How to compute for the capability of gasifier and biomass to produce syngas?
5 answers
To compute the capability of a gasifier and biomass to produce syngas, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations can be utilized. These simulations can predict physicochemical processes, gas composition, and efficiency parameters like cold gas efficiency (CGE) and hot gas efficiency (HGE). Factors such as throat diameter, gasifying media, and initial bed temperature significantly impact syngas production and quality. By employing CFD models, it is possible to optimize gasifier design, increase syngas yield, and reduce CO2 emissions, ultimately enhancing the overall performance of the gasification process. Additionally, the use of kinetic and equilibrium models can aid in predicting gasification products and efficiency parameters, providing valuable insights for evaluating the effectiveness of the gasification process.