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Is FCPA a competitive advantage or a competitive disadvantage for US based Mnes? 

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This competitive advantage should be unique going international, regional, or global.
The analysis indicates the need to consider mitivational processes as a complement to current resource and competence-based approaches in a comprehensive theory of competitive advantage.
Practical implications MNEs, especially those from emerging economies, should develop both explorative and exploitative capability to be flexible and competitive in dealing with cultural differences.
We also find that Japanese MNEs contribute less to knowledge spillovers than US MNEs.
Furthermore, competitive advantage has a significant effect on company performance.
They can, however, use FWAs to achieve competitive advantage.
We conclude that the competitive advantage of PFFs in emerging markets is contingent on local institutional conditions.
The findings provide an important contribution in the fonnulation of a model of competitive advantage among SMEs.
We argue multinational corporation (MNC) subsidiaries can exploit these opportunities to gain competitive advantage.
The most important finding shows that the most suitable competitive strategy for multinational enterprises (MNEs) is innovative-focus strategy.
Both these types of MNEs have a significant advantage over Chinese non-MNE domestic firms.
Based on these arguments, we conclude that country of origin might not necessarily lead to a competitive dis.advantage in terms of a price premium or discount.
Performance significantly and positively influences the competitive advantage.
Research limitations/implications – The newly developed measure of competitive advantage, exempt from past conceptual problems, could be used for valid measur...

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