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We argue that a growing body of evidence indicates that anti-doping regulation under the World Anti-Doping Agency is sometimes arbitrary and too often not grounded in a solid foundation of evidence.
The results may provide a contribution for further research on doping as well as for policymakers in the fight against doping in sport (both medical and financial).
Doping estimates by user groups showed mixed results, suggesting that doping had more in common with the ergogenic nutritional supplement domain than the illicit drug domain. Assessing the behavioural domain to which doping belongs to in athletes' mind would greatly advance doping behaviour research toward prevention and intervention.
Bolt thread is more vulnerable to fracture than rebar.
While evidence suggests that the incident did prove something of a catalyst for firming up anti-doping policy, it will be shown here that the oft-repeated claim that Jensen's death was doping-related is in fact unfounded.
But, as this paper will show through a review of available studies and discussions on bodywork and fitness doping, the official definition of doping developed in and for an elite sport context does not facilitate a nuanced understanding of fitness doping.
This demonstrates that Bolt is in a different league.
These data suggest that blood doping is both prevalent and effective in cross-country ski racing, and current testing programs for blood doping are ineffective.
Using a theoretical framework à la Barro-Gordon in which athletes form rational expectations about authorities’ effort against doping, the author shows that strong antidoping policies are not credible unless conducted by a completely independent World Anti-Doping Agency, provided that its president has either a very strong aversion to doping or a wage contract that incites him or her to implement the announced level of effort.
An increase in the test frequency of doping tests was associated with a decrease in the percentage of positive samples in targeted sports.
Incorporating a novel mode of knowledge production within the doping literature, the stories presented here demonstrate elite athletes' candid accounts of being impacted by others’ doping behaviours in sport.
So, the bolt could not give full play to its supporting potential.
Against the backdrop of an increasing use of the term ‘doping’ in circumstances other than the classical understanding, this theoretic article provides a new and comprehensive inter-disciplinary reflection of the doping concept.
The study presents a previously unpublished injury pattern due to vole captive bolt devices.

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