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The observed slight increase in the doping attitude score could be an indication that the ethical decision-making training was successful in breaking up the athletes’ stereotypical style of reasoning about doping.
Doping knowledge was poor and biased, and its relationship with drug use deserves consideration.
Doping estimates by user groups showed mixed results, suggesting that doping had more in common with the ergogenic nutritional supplement domain than the illicit drug domain. Assessing the behavioural domain to which doping belongs to in athletes' mind would greatly advance doping behaviour research toward prevention and intervention.
Incorporating a novel mode of knowledge production within the doping literature, the stories presented here demonstrate elite athletes' candid accounts of being impacted by others’ doping behaviours in sport.
The findings indicate that the ban from sport deters doping.
This article argues that doping is an ethical issue that should also consider athletes and non-athletes who are affected by the implications of anti-doping attitudes and bans.
We will argue that sport is essentially deteriorating under the current anti-doping campaign executed by an un-coordinated alliance between the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), law enforcement authorities, sports organizers and the media.

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Is there having validated questionnaire for assess dietary knowledge among university students ?
5 answers
Yes, there are validated questionnaires for assessing dietary knowledge among university students. Various studies have developed and validated questionnaires to measure the dietary knowledge of university students. These questionnaires have been shown to be reliable and valid tools for evaluating the nutritional knowledge of students, highlighting the importance of understanding their perspectives on healthy and sustainable diets. The questionnaires have been used to assess different aspects of dietary knowledge, such as general nutrition knowledge, sport nutrition knowledge, and the relationship between dietary choices and health outcomes. The validation of these questionnaires has provided valuable insights into the nutritional status and behaviors of university students, emphasizing the need for nutrition education programs to promote healthy food choices and lifestyles.
Does the use of anthropometric data in sports training lead to faster improvements in physical fitness?
5 answers
The utilization of anthropometric data in sports training plays a crucial role in enhancing physical fitness and performance. Anthropometric measurements aid in tailoring workout programs based on individual characteristics like body composition, height, and weight. Studies highlight the significance of regularly updating anthropometric data to monitor physical development accurately, especially in athletes. Athletes with higher anthropometric values are often identified as promising talents, emphasizing the importance of these measurements in talent selection and training. The relationship between sports disciplines and specific anthropometric ratios further underscores the value of using such data for tailored sports selection and training programs, ultimately leading to improved physical fitness and performance. Therefore, incorporating anthropometric data in sports training can indeed contribute to faster improvements in physical fitness by enabling personalized and targeted training regimens.
What is the core training method?
5 answers
Core training is a specialized method focusing on strengthening the central muscles of the human body, including the lumbar-pelvis-abdominal-perineal-hip complex. This training aims to enhance stability, strength, explosiveness, and endurance of the core muscles, which play a crucial role in athletic performance. Core training has been shown to improve skill performance in various sports such as football, handball, basketball, swimming, dancing, Karate, Muay Thai, gymnastics, volleyball, badminton, and golf. By optimizing the transfer and control of motion and force, core training helps reduce energy leaks and unnecessary torso movements during physical exertion, ultimately enhancing athletes' performance. Additionally, core training protocols have been developed specifically for martial arts athletes and soccer players, demonstrating significant improvements in core stability and explosive strength.
What is the difference between online activism, internet activism and cyber activism?
5 answers
Online activism, internet activism, and cyber activism are closely related terms with nuanced differences. Online activism encompasses various forms of activism conducted through the internet, including social media campaigns like the 'ChallengeAccepted' movement. Internet activism refers to activism facilitated by the internet, such as using websites, chat rooms, and blogs for mobilization and organization. Cyber activism, also known as e-activism, specifically focuses on utilizing new technologies like email and bulletin boards to support causes and mobilize social movement actors. While online activism and internet activism are broader terms covering activism conducted online, cyber activism emphasizes the use of specific digital tools for activism purposes. Each term highlights a different aspect of leveraging the internet for social and political change.
How did Stoic philosophy influence the views of early women in the Sandwich Generation towards life?
5 answers
Stoic philosophy significantly impacted the perspectives of early women in the Sandwich Generation by offering a framework that allowed for the cultivation of eupatheiai or life-affirmative feelings, such as respect, affection, and goodwill towards others. Despite some inconsistencies and occasional misogynistic tendencies within Stoicism, early modern feminists like Mary Chudleigh, Mary Astell, and others drew upon Stoic ideas to advocate for women's education, moral autonomy, and equality with men. While the ancient Stoics recognized women's rationality and virtue, they still confined women to traditional roles, which conflicted with liberal feminist principles. Additionally, early Stoic political utopias envisioned a society where sexual freedom prevailed, challenging traditional social institutions like marriage. Overall, Stoicism provided early women in the Sandwich Generation with philosophical tools to navigate societal expectations and advocate for their rights and autonomy.
How did the cultural and social context of the Sandwich Generation shape the reception of Stoic ideas among women?
4 answers
The cultural and social context of the Sandwich Generation influenced the reception of Stoic ideas among women by providing a platform for embracing Stoic ethics while incorporating women's specific concerns and experiences. Stoic feminism, despite occasional inconsistencies and misogynistic tendencies, advocated for women's education, equality with men, and moral autonomy. The evolution of the term "stoicism" from classical to contemporary times highlights the influence of sociocultural factors like generational influences and gender on the conceptualization of stoicism in health and illness behavior. The Stoic philosophy embedded the family within a broader social order, emphasizing altruism, ethical progression through social circles, and the importance of self-love and love for children. Stoicism, known for its rationalist ideal, was perceived as a "manly" philosophy, but also included female exemplifications and idealizations.
What are non-lyrical music?
4 answers
Non-lyrical music refers to musical compositions that do not contain any lyrics but instead focus on the instrumental aspects of music. Research suggests that non-lyrical songs evoke different emotional responses compared to lyrical songs. While lyrics are essential for emotional processing in music, non-lyrical music has been proposed as a method for music classification based on emotions, utilizing emotion weighting of non-emotional words to enhance emotional extraction from lyrics. In the context of film scoring, non-narrative segments can benefit from non-lyrical music to create effective communication between the soundtrack and visual elements, enhancing the overall viewer experience. Additionally, non-musical factors in music, such as the temporal structure, "movement" phenomenon, and affective qualities, contribute to the essence and meaning of music.
Why are pre-adolescents sexting in australia?
5 answers
Pre-adolescents in Australia engage in sexting, which involves sharing explicit messages or images, due to various factors. Research indicates that sexting behavior is prevalent among Australian adolescents aged 14-18. Factors contributing to this behavior include the rapid uptake of information and communication technology (ICT), particularly smartphones, which has coincided with increased sexting activities. Additionally, young people's understanding of gaps in their sexuality education and the lack of comprehensive sex education programs may also play a role in sexting behaviors. Furthermore, legal restrictions and concerns regarding the application of child pornography laws to consensual sexting among adolescents aged 16-17 may influence pre-adolescents' decisions to engage in sexting. These combined factors contribute to the prevalence of sexting among pre-adolescents in Australia.
Do women have higher nutrition knowledge?
5 answers
Women generally exhibit higher nutrition knowledge levels compared to men. Studies have shown that female university students have greater nutrition knowledge than their male counterparts. Additionally, in a study assessing the knowledge of women about food and health aspects, it was found that urban women had somewhat higher specific knowledge about food and health compared to rural women. Furthermore, a review emphasized the importance of nutrition literacy and knowledge during pregnancy, highlighting how nutrition knowledge influences pregnancy outcomes. Overall, these findings suggest that women tend to have higher nutrition knowledge levels, which can play a crucial role in promoting healthy dietary practices and overall well-being.
Research Question: How do genetic factors influence the philosophical understanding of LGBTQ identity formation?
10 answers
The philosophical understanding of LGBTQ identity formation is significantly influenced by genetic factors, as evidenced by recent research. Taylor R. Thomas et al. found that non-heterosexual stakeholders showed a significant association with increased willingness to participate in genetic research if a biological basis for gender identity were discovered, indicating a complex interplay between genetic predispositions and the self-perception of LGBTQ identities. This suggests that the discovery of genetic markers related to LGBTQ identities could potentially alter philosophical perceptions, moving the discourse towards a more biologically deterministic understanding of gender and sexual orientation. Furthermore, the study by Philip Hunter on the FOXP2 gene and its association with vocalization and, by extension, communication, indirectly supports the notion that genetic factors could influence identity expression, including those related to LGBTQ communities, through mechanisms of social interaction and language development. This connection between genetics and communication underscores the importance of genetic predispositions in the formation and expression of LGBTQ identities. The underrepresentation of non-European ancestry groups in genetic databases, as discussed by Fujita, Takaaki, complicates the interpretation of genetic test results, including those that might pertain to LGBTQ identity formation, highlighting the need for inclusive genetic research that considers the diversity within LGBTQ communities. This lack of representation can obscure the understanding of how genetic factors influence LGBTQ identity formation across different ethnicities and cultures. Sonny Nordmarken's research on gender-identity formation as a social process further complicates the relationship between genetics and LGBTQ identity formation, suggesting that while genetic factors may predispose individuals to certain identities, social interactions and exposure to diverse gender conceptualizations play a crucial role in the actualization of these identities. This interplay between genetic predispositions and social processes underscores the complexity of LGBTQ identity formation, challenging simplistic biological determinism. In summary, genetic factors play a significant role in the philosophical understanding of LGBTQ identity formation, influencing both the biological predispositions towards certain identities and the social mechanisms through which these identities are expressed and recognized. However, the influence of genetics is mediated by social, cultural, and individual factors, indicating a multifaceted process of identity formation that transcends simple genetic determinism.
Research Question: How do genetic factors influence the scientific understanding of LGBTQ identity formation?
10 answers
The influence of genetic factors on the scientific understanding of LGBTQ identity formation is multifaceted, incorporating insights from genetic research, the complexity of human sexuality, and the intersection with neurodevelopmental traits. Taylor R. Thomas et al. highlight the importance of engaging the LGBTQ+ community in genetic research, revealing a willingness among non-heterosexual stakeholders to participate in studies exploring a biological basis for gender identity, which suggests an openness to genetic explanations for identity formation. This is complemented by Andrea Ganna et al.'s acknowledgment of the genetic influences on nuanced measures of sexual behavior, attraction, and identity, indicating that genetic factors contribute to the complexity of human sexuality beyond binary classifications. Sonny Nordmarken's work on gender-identity formation among gender minorities in the United States underscores the social processes involved in coming into identity, which, while not directly genetic, suggests that any genetic predispositions interact with social environments to influence identity formation. Similarly, Stephanie A. Grilo's research on multiracial identity formation, though not directly related to LGBTQ identities, underscores the interplay between individual, interpersonal, and community level influences on identity development, hinting at a complex interaction between genetic predispositions and environmental factors. Research on the genetic sex determination system in Atlantic Halibut by Rolf B. Edvardsen et al. and the fraternal birth order effect studied by Ray Blanchard et al. provide insights into how genetic and biological factors might predispose individuals to certain sexual orientations or gender identities, suggesting a biological underpinning to LGBTQ identity formation. Philip Hunter's discussion on the FOXP2 gene and the evolution of speech, though focused on linguistic capabilities, indirectly supports the notion that genetic variations can influence complex behaviors and traits, potentially including those related to LGBTQ identities. Vivienne Foroughirad et al.'s work on kinship and social bonds in marine mammals, Jared Star's exploration of information engagement among 2SGBQ+ men, and Roberto Oleari et al.'s study on GnRH deficiency and its genetic causes further illustrate the broad spectrum of genetic influences on behavior, social interaction, and identity, including those relevant to LGBTQ communities. Collectively, these studies underscore the significant, though complex, role of genetic factors in shaping the scientific understanding of LGBTQ identity formation, highlighting the need for interdisciplinary approaches that consider both biological and social dimensions.