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The findings indicate that the ban from sport deters doping.
There is conclusive evidence that some doping agents are anabolic and ergogenic.
These hypothetical, theoretical and methodological considerations offer a more nuanced understanding of doping behaviours, making an effective contribution to anti-doping education and research by enabling researchers and policy personnel to become more critically reflective about their explicit and implicit assumptions regarding models of explanations for doping behaviour.
Due to numerous structural similarities between the policy of anti-doping and UEFA’s intended policy to fight financial doping, in particular the latter may learn from former experiences.
Against the backdrop of an increasing use of the term ‘doping’ in circumstances other than the classical understanding, this theoretic article provides a new and comprehensive inter-disciplinary reflection of the doping concept.
We argue that a growing body of evidence indicates that anti-doping regulation under the World Anti-Doping Agency is sometimes arbitrary and too often not grounded in a solid foundation of evidence.
While the existing empirical research posits support for the anti-doping movement, it also exposes a limited knowledge of doping effects or governance.

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What are the specific physical and psychological benefits of using adaptive sports in rehabilitation for individuals with disabilities?
5 answers
Participation in adaptive sports offers numerous physical and psychological benefits for individuals with disabilities. Adaptive sports have been shown to improve overall health, muscle strength, bone density, blood pressure, lung capacity, immune system function, balance, and coordination. Additionally, adaptive sports aid in the development of functional and psychological abilities, promoting self-reliance and an active lifestyle. Studies indicate that adaptive sports positively impact the quality of life, social integration, and psychological well-being of individuals with disabilities, enhancing their overall health and quality of social life. Furthermore, engaging in adaptive sports can lead to improved mental adaptation levels, communication skills, and psychological adjustment in individuals with disabilities, highlighting the holistic benefits of such activities in rehabilitation. Overall, adaptive sports play a crucial role in enhancing the physical and psychological well-being of individuals with disabilities, promoting their overall health and quality of life.
What are the specific regulations in Panama's legislation regarding the enforcement of ethical standards for businesses?
5 answers
In Panama, the enforcement of ethical standards for businesses is governed by regulations that require adherence to international standards and protocols. Research Ethics Committees (CEIs) in Panama are responsible for evaluating clinical trials financed by the pharmaceutical industry, ensuring compliance with bioethics and human rights principles. These committees face challenges related to social context and evolving interests of pharmaceutical companies, but generally respect international standards for protocol review. Additionally, local acts are developed by employers to impose ethical standards on employees, as there are no specific national norms for most workers. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act in the United States, which influences global business practices, emphasizes the importance of ethical standards in financial reporting and rebuilding public trust after corporate fraud scandals.
What is the determinant influence of healthcare?
4 answers
The determinant influence of healthcare is multifaceted, encompassing various factors that shape health outcomes. Structural determinants such as politics, governance, economy, culture, and conflicts play a crucial role in determining the organization and performance of health systems in low- and middle-income countries. Additionally, social determinants like education, poverty, racism, discrimination, and societal characteristics significantly impact health inequalities and outcomes. Understanding the diverse influences on health, including biological, behavioral, environmental, and social factors, is essential for preventing diseases and promoting overall well-being. Recognizing the pervasive influence of social determinants on patients' lives, especially in the context of antenatal care, is vital for delivering equitable and effective healthcare to diverse populations and optimizing outcomes, particularly in preventing preterm births.
How does international human rights law fail to protect modern refugees?
5 answers
International human rights law fails to adequately protect modern refugees due to several reasons. Firstly, the 1951 Refugee Convention, which primarily safeguards refugees fleeing persecution based on specific grounds, may not cover all displaced individuals, leaving many without sufficient protection. Additionally, environmental refugees, a new category arising from climate change-induced disasters, face challenges as existing laws do not effectively address their unique circumstances. Furthermore, human rights defenders (HRDs) encounter limitations in seeking refuge under the international refugee regime, highlighting gaps in protection mechanisms for this vulnerable group. The inadequacy of current international laws to encompass the diverse situations faced by refugees underscores the need for a more comprehensive and inclusive legal framework to address the evolving complexities of displacement.
Are there any articles using investor sentiment as the mediating variable, and have ESG been mentioned in the article?
5 answers
Investor sentiment has been explored as a mediating variable in various articles, with some mentioning ESG factors. One study delves into how investor sentiment impacts the cash conversion cycle (CCC) of U.S. publicly traded firms, highlighting the negative association between sentiment and CCC. Another research investigates the mediation effect of trading volume on the relationship between investor sentiment and stock returns, mentioning ESG-related news as having better performance in sentiment indicators. Additionally, a study on Indian retail investors examines the association between behavioral biases, risk perceptions, and ESG investing consciousness, revealing a significant link between ESG consciousness and investors' risk perception. These studies collectively shed light on the intricate interplay between investor sentiment, ESG factors, and financial decision-making.
Why does the way of alliance cooperation determine tie strength (and governance structure) and affect performance?
4 answers
The way of alliance cooperation significantly influences tie strength and governance structure, which in turn affects performance due to several interconnected factors. The strength of ties within an alliance network mediates the relationship between the firm's innovative capabilities and its performance, suggesting that stronger ties, fostered through effective cooperation, enhance innovation outputs. Moreover, the size of the alliance portfolio, indicative of the breadth of cooperation, indirectly affects company performance through network resources, which are crucial for productivity. This relationship underscores the importance of managing alliance size and network resources effectively to boost performance. The nature of alliance governance, whether through contractual agreements or joint ventures, is determined by the coordination needs, technology transfer, and strategic complexity within alliances. These factors directly influence the competitiveness of alliances, indicating that the governance structure chosen in response to these needs can significantly impact alliance success. Furthermore, the role of a broker agent in coordinating alliance activities highlights the importance of governance in managing information and control, which is crucial for the performance of triple alliances in complex and capability-varied environments. Understanding the coordination-cooperation relationship is essential for reducing the risks of alliance failure and improving performance. This relationship suggests that strategic alignment and the cyclical process of coordination and cooperation among partners are critical for achieving alliance objectives. In R&D alliances, governance has a significant positive effect on performance, mediated by inter-organization knowledge exchange. This finding emphasizes the role of governance in facilitating effective knowledge sharing, which is vital for alliance success. Contractual and relational governance mechanisms also play a crucial role in determining alliance performance, with their effectiveness varying based on the external environment and internal capabilities of the alliance partners. The geographic location of firms within clusters influences their governance choice between equity and non-equity alliances, which subsequently affects innovation performance. This suggests that the external environment and the firm's strategic positioning within it can determine the most effective governance structure for performance enhancement. Finally, the choice of governance structure in an alliance is influenced by the complexity of the alliance task, the balance of power, and the competitive scope between partners, which collectively determine the endurance and success of the collaboration. In summary, the way of alliance cooperation determines tie strength and governance structure through a complex interplay of internal coordination needs, strategic complexity, external environmental factors, and the management of network resources. These elements collectively influence the performance of alliances, highlighting the critical role of effective governance and cooperation strategies in achieving alliance success.
How does the validation of instrumentation affect academic achievement in students athlete?
4 answers
The validation of instrumentation plays a crucial role in enhancing academic achievement in student-athletes. Valid instruments help in assessing student perceptions of the support necessary for academic advancement during their studies, ensuring that the tools accurately measure what needs to be evaluated. By developing and validating instruments to gather critical data on the educational needs and concerns of students with chronic conditions, interventions can be aligned to overcome barriers and improve outcomes. In the context of additional mathematics subjects, the validation of instruments through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) ensures that the items used effectively measure motivational constructs, learning styles, and disciplines, ultimately impacting academic achievement. Therefore, validated instruments are essential for understanding student needs, improving support systems, and ultimately enhancing academic success in student-athletes.
How do different countries' policies and practices impact the migration patterns and outcomes of refugees and asylum seekers?
4 answers
Different countries' policies significantly influence the migration patterns and outcomes of refugees and asylum seekers. For instance, the UK offers free primary and secondary healthcare to this population, while Germany limits access to acute and emergency care initially. In Germany, the reception policies have been harmonized at the state level, but variations exist at the local level, impacting the fair distribution of asylum seekers. The US example highlights how policy mismatches with migration realities can lead to dysfunctional outcomes. Additionally, the Australian asylum procedure demonstrates that outcomes depend on more than just official policy, with individual experiences varying in the management of communication and beliefs. These variations in policies and practices across countries play a crucial role in shaping the migration experiences and outcomes of refugees and asylum seekers.
What are the benefits and disadvantages of gender diversity in boardrooms?
5 answers
The benefits of gender diversity in boardrooms are multifaceted, encompassing improved corporate governance, enhanced decision-making, and positive financial outcomes. Research indicates that gender-diverse boards are more likely to exhibit innovative activity and organizational change, directly impacting a company's profits and risk management positively. Women directors broaden market knowledge and raise the company's profile, contributing to better financial performance when a critical mass of at least three board seats is held by women. This diversity brings distinct characteristics and governance behaviors to the board, introducing new ideas and perspectives that can compensate for the shortcomings of male directors. Empirical evidence suggests that gender diversity on boards is associated with reduced investment inefficiency, aligning managers' and shareholders' interests more closely. Furthermore, gender diversity has been shown to positively impact corporate risk disclosure, enhancing transparency and investor confidence. The presence of women on boards leads to measurable performance gains, highlighting the value of diverse skills, qualifications, and experiences. However, there are challenges and disadvantages associated with achieving gender diversity in boardrooms. Despite the positive outcomes, the progress in appointing women directors is slow, and their presence remains low due to gender bias in director selection and participation. Some studies have found no evidence that women directors impose higher dividend payouts, suggesting that the financial impact of gender diversity can vary. Additionally, while women fulfill their roles as directors differently and effectively, they face challenges integrating into top decision-making groups due to existing social and professional networks. In certain contexts, such as in Qatar, gender diversity on boards has been associated with negative effects on financial performance, indicating that the benefits of gender diversity may not be universally applicable across different cultural and economic environments. Lastly, while gender diversity has a more positive impact on non-financial performance, its effects on financial performance are mixed, suggesting that the benefits may not be uniformly realized across all performance measures.
What factors contribute to varying insurance awareness levels among different populations?
5 answers
Variations in insurance awareness levels among different populations can be attributed to several factors. Studies show that demographic characteristics play a significant role. Factors such as gender, race/ethnicity, and residency status have been linked to differences in knowledge about health insurance and related reforms. Additionally, socio-economic status has been identified as a key determinant of insurance awareness, with individuals from wealthier backgrounds demonstrating higher levels of awareness. Moreover, education level and occupation status also influence awareness levels, with higher education and salaried jobs correlating with increased knowledge about insurance schemes. These findings underscore the importance of tailored communication strategies and educational initiatives to enhance insurance awareness across diverse demographic groups.
But did the first signs of civilation appear?
5 answers
The emergence of the first signs of civilization can be traced back to significant environmental and catastrophic events. The mid-Holocene saw the rise of large-scale civilizations in lower alluvial systems due to changes in sea-level rise, impacting resource availability and waterway networks. Additionally, a cosmic catastrophe at the onset of the Younger Dryas period potentially influenced the development of civilization, as evidenced by symbols at Göbekli Tepe. Furthermore, the concept of civilization has evolved over time, with the term "civilization" gaining prominence in Arabic from the 1820s onwards, shaping new institutional practices and values. The notion of the 'Cradle of Civilisation' in the Middle East reflects ongoing archaeological reconstructions and research questions seeking the earliest evidence of cultural practices, highlighting the need for alternative narratives in archaeological discourse.