scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Answers from top 10 papers

More filters
Papers (10)Insight
Thus, the Spanish Flu virus resembles avian influenza A viruses in its ability to recruit Crk/CrkL to modulate host cell signaling.
This was later supported by the finding that MVV is an RNA virus.
s/Significance These findings suggested that influenza A virus may acquire an RNA polymerase adapted to different body temperatures of the host by reassortment of the RNA polymerase genes.
Influenza virus is a negative strand RNA virus and is one of the rare RNA viruses to replicate in the nucleus.
Along with previous reports, our data propose that influenza A virus uses a redundant and plastic network of RNA-RNA and potentially RNA-nucleoprotein interactions to coordinately incorporate its segmented genome into virions.
Influenza virus is thus unique among nononcogenic RNA viruses in synthesizing its mRNA in the nucleus.
Taken together, these data suggest that HA and the viral RNA polymerase complex are critical determinants of Spanish influenza pathogenesis, but only HA, and not the viral RNA polymerase complex and NP, is responsible for extreme host responses observed in mice infected with the 1918 influenza virus.
(1) identifies virus-encoded, short RNAs (svRNA) as a component of the influenza A viral replicase and an essential prerequisite for viral RNA synthesis.
This sedimentation pattern corresponds closely to that of incomplete influenza virus RNA.
Open accessJournal ArticleDOI
Antoni Trilla, Guillem Trilla, Carolyn Daer 
175 Citations
Although a great deal of evidence indicates that the 1918 A(H1N1) influenza virus unlikely originated in and spread from Spain, the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic will always be known as the Spanish flu.

See what other people are reading

How metal stress induce epigentic changes in gene regualtion of non coding RNAs causing mental health disorder?
5 answers
Metal stress, particularly exposure to toxic metals like lead, cadmium, and mercury, can induce epigenetic changes in gene regulation, affecting non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and contributing to mental health disorders. These epigenetic alterations involve DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA expression, leading to dysregulation of gene expression. Metal-induced neurotoxicity, a significant concern globally, has prompted research into the epigenetic mechanisms underlying its effects, including the role of ncRNAs. Studies suggest that metal exposure, especially during sensitive developmental periods, can disrupt the epigenetic landscape, potentially linking early-life metal exposure to adverse mental health outcomes later in life. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing strategies to mitigate the impact of metal stress on mental health.
How can pathology methods be leveraged in TB to evaluate host-pathogen interactions?
9 answers
Pathology methods play a crucial role in evaluating host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis (TB), offering insights into the complex dynamics between Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and its host. Leveraging these methods can illuminate the genetic and immunological underpinnings of TB pathogenesis, facilitating the development of targeted interventions. The integration of genome-wide association studies with phylogenetic tree-based analyses has identified genetic interaction points between the human host and Mtb, highlighting the importance of host-pathogen co-evolution and adaptation in TB. This approach underscores the potential of genetic studies to reveal susceptibility loci and pathogen-specific markers that influence infection outcomes. Similarly, systems biology and mechanistic mathematical modeling have been employed to understand the immunopathological progression of TB, revealing how genotypic variations in the host can dictate disease outcomes through an all-or-nothing response to infection. Animal models, particularly those that allow for comparative pathology, are invaluable for dissecting the role of individual components in TB pathogenesis. These models facilitate the development of hypotheses regarding the pathogenic process and the identification of effective immune-mediated interventions. The use of genetically diverse mouse panels has further enabled the association of bacterial genetic requirements with host genetics and immunity, revealing how virulence pathways are required only in specific host microenvironments. Next-generation molecular imaging represents another frontier in TB research, offering noninvasive, temporal monitoring and spatial characterization of infection. This technology can augment our understanding of the distinct pathologies and host-pathogen interactions within the same subject over time. Omics technologies, including transcriptomics and metabolomics, have also been pivotal in unraveling the metabolic crosstalk between host and pathogen, providing a comprehensive view of the interactions that underpin TB infection and offering new avenues for therapeutic intervention. Experimental protocols that combine differential cell lysis with probe-based ribosomal depletion have improved the observation of pathogen gene expression during in vivo infection, enhancing our understanding of the molecular basis of host-pathogen interactions. This methodological innovation, alongside the detailed analysis of host factors driving TB pathology through histopathological assays, offers a nuanced understanding of the disease's immunopathology and the potential for identifying key factors associated with lung tissue destruction. In summary, leveraging pathology methods in TB research—ranging from genetic analyses and systems biology to advanced imaging and omics technologies—provides a multifaceted understanding of host-pathogen interactions. These approaches are instrumental in unraveling the complexities of TB pathogenesis and guiding the development of more effective diagnostics, treatments, and vaccines.
What relative normalised expression is significant in qpcr?
7 answers
Determining significant relative normalized expression in qPCR involves several critical considerations, including the selection of appropriate reference genes, the normalization method employed, and the analysis of data quality. The choice of reference genes is paramount, as their expression should ideally remain constant across different experimental conditions and sample types. However, studies have shown that commonly used reference genes can exhibit variability under certain conditions, such as in stroke patients, where whole blood expression levels of reference genes were significantly altered. This variability underscores the importance of selecting stable reference genes, with software tools like geNorm, BestKeeper, and NormFinder assisting in identifying the most stable ones across various conditions. Normalization methods also play a crucial role in determining significant expression levels. Traditional ΔCt methods, which rely on subtracting Ct values of reference genes from target genes, may introduce bias due to differences in PCR amplification efficiency among genes. Alternative approaches, such as data-driven normalization algorithms like NORMA-Gene, have been proposed to produce more robust gene expression data. Moreover, the regression of Ct values of target genes onto those of reference genes has been suggested to effectively remove biases introduced by traditional normalization methods. The quality of RNA and the integrity of data are additional factors that influence the significance of relative normalized expression. RNA integrity, for example, has been shown to significantly impact relative expression results, with recommendations to normalize gene expression by an internal reference gene and perform efficiency correction. Furthermore, the number of reference genes used for normalization can affect the robustness of data normalization, with too few or too many reference genes potentially detrimenting data quality. In conclusion, significant relative normalized expression in qPCR is contingent upon the careful selection of stable reference genes, the application of appropriate normalization methods that account for PCR efficiency and RNA quality, and the consideration of data integrity and analysis algorithms. Employing a combination of these strategies can enhance the reliability and significance of qPCR data.
What is the mechanism of action of doxycycline as a protease inhibitor in the treatment of COVID-19?
5 answers
Doxycycline, a tetracycline antibiotic, has shown potential as a protease inhibitor in the treatment of COVID-19. Studies have indicated that doxycycline, along with Ivermectin, binds significantly to various proteins of SARS-CoV-2, including the Main Protease (Mpro) and Spike protein, interfering with viral entry and replication. Additionally, tetracyclines, including doxycycline, have demonstrated antiviral properties through mechanisms such as inhibiting viral structural proteins, proteases, and RNA, as well as exerting anti-inflammatory effects. These findings suggest that doxycycline may act as a protease inhibitor by disrupting viral protein functions and inhibiting viral replication, highlighting its potential role in combating COVID-19. Further clinical studies are warranted to explore the full extent of doxycycline's efficacy in treating viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2.
How can be CRISPR/Cas9 used for making resistant bacteria susceptible again?
5 answers
CRISPR/Cas9 technology can be utilized to render antibiotic-resistant bacteria susceptible again by targeting and eliminating antibiotic resistance genes or plasmids within the bacterial genome. This molecular tool enables precise gene editing through the cleavage of specific DNA sequences. By using the CRISPR-Cas system, the Cas9 nuclease is guided by a single guide RNA to recognize and cut the target resistance genes. This targeted cleavage results in the removal of the resistance gene, thereby sensitizing the bacteria to antibiotics once more. The delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 into bacteria can be facilitated through bacteriophages, which act as vehicles for introducing the gene-editing system into the bacterial cells. This approach offers a promising strategy to combat antibiotic resistance and restore the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial agents.
How does meta-inflammation contribute to the severity of COVID-19 symptoms?
4 answers
Meta-inflammation, characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation, plays a crucial role in exacerbating the severity of COVID-19 symptoms. Studies have shown that inflammatory markers like CRP, PCT, IL-6, ESR, SAA, and serum ferritin are significantly elevated in severe cases of COVID-19, indicating a strong association between inflammation and disease severity. Furthermore, the dysregulation of the immune response due to meta-inflammation can lead to a cytokine storm, contributing to tissue inflammation, apoptosis, and pyroptosis, ultimately worsening patient outcomes. The systemic inflammation induced by meta-inflammation can increase the risk of severe disease and mortality in COVID-19 patients, highlighting the importance of monitoring inflammatory markers for early risk stratification and management.
What is ppm-seq?
5 answers
PPMS, or Pri-MiRNA Profiling from Single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets, is a computational framework developed to profile primary microRNAs (pri-miRNAs) at the single-cell resolution. This framework allows for the investigation of pri-miRNA distribution across different cell types and states, establishing relationships between the number of cells/reads sequenced and pri-miRNA detection. PPMS is designed to be applied to both newly generated and publicly available single-cell or single-nuclei RNA-seq datasets, making it a versatile tool for studying pri-miRNAs in various biological contexts. By enabling the profiling of pri-miRNAs, PPMS expands the significance of single-cell RNA-sequencing beyond mature miRNA analysis, offering insights into the multifaceted roles of pri-miRNAs in gene regulation.
Whats the composition of plasma membranes in lung epithelial cells?
5 answers
The plasma membranes of lung epithelial cells consist of various components crucial for their structure and function. These components include fibrillar collagens, elastic fibers, and proteoglycans in the pulmonary interstitium, which provides elastic recoil for the lung. Additionally, gangliosides, acidic glycolipids highly concentrated in plasma membranes, play a role in cell behavior and transformation. Furthermore, the binding of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to plasma membranes in lung tumors indicates the presence of EGF receptors, with varying levels observed in different types of lung carcinomas. The ultrastructural localization of saturated phospholipids and mucopolysaccharides on the epithelial surface suggests an active transport mechanism in lung epithelial cells.
Whats the percent composition of plasma membranes in lung epithelial cells?
5 answers
The plasma membranes of lung epithelial cells consist mainly of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, with carbohydrates constituting less than 10% of the membrane's mass. Specifically, glycolipids are a significant component of plasma membranes and are considered cell antigens, contributing to the cell's surface characteristics. Additionally, the presence of orthogonal arrays of particles (OAP) in pneumocytic membranes in lung tissue from various species, including humans, indicates a specific pulmonary function related to ciliated airway epithelium, with a mean density of 40-60 OAP per unit cell surface. Furthermore, alterations in the phospholipid spectrum of lung tissue fragments, such as elevated sphingomyelin levels and decreased phosphatidylcholine, have been observed in the presence of malignant cells, suggesting changes in membrane composition due to tumor invasion.
How dsrna virsus invade and replicate in plants?
5 answers
Plant RNA viruses invade and replicate in plants by forming viral replication complexes (VRCs) that contain both viral and host proteins. These VRCs utilize double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as a mandatory intermediate for RNA replication. The presence of dsRNA triggers potent antiviral defenses in plants, including the activation of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Interestingly, dsRNA can inhibit virus infection by inducing callose deposition at plasmodesmata, hindering the transport of viral RNA between cells. Viroids, which are small circular non-coding RNA molecules, also invade plants by autonomously replicating and moving systemically through the host, inducing diseases. Understanding the interactions between dsRNA, VRCs, and host proteins is crucial in elucidating how RNA viruses and viroids successfully invade and replicate in plants.
Is cattle is one of the source of income of small backyard resairs?
4 answers
Cattle indeed serve as a source of income for small backyard farmers. Research conducted in Mexico highlights the economic benefits of integrating agriculture and livestock activities in backyard systems, with farmers generating higher income and profits when engaging in both activities compared to solely focusing on one. Additionally, a study in the U.S. emphasizes the increasing trend of small-scale and backyard livestock ownership, with many owners utilizing animal products for personal consumption and sales, indicating a financial aspect to their livestock ventures. Furthermore, the presence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in cattle from backyard farms in Mexico underscores the economic losses faced by livestock producers due to infections, emphasizing the significance of cattle as an income source.