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Thus, we conclude that GC content is a primary factor shaping amino acid compositions.
The SAR of the amino acid indicates that the carboxylic acid is required for inhibition and that L-histidine is the most favored amino acid.
Open accessJournal ArticleDOI
Hinako Ito, Hiroshi Ueno, Hiroe Kikuzaki 
01 Jan 2017
17 Citations
Highly functional free-form amino acids, like γ-aminobutyric acid, are found in significant levels and suggest that amino acid analysis could play an informative role in nutrition.
The results show that aspartic acid, glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, and lysine are the major amino acid components.
Journal ArticleDOI
John T. Brosnan, Margaret E. Brosnan 
01 Sep 2013-Amino Acids
200 Citations
Glutamate is truly a functional amino acid.
Instead, it is the amino acid corresponding to the second upstream codon, in particular the acidic/basic property of this amino acid, which seems to be a major determinant.
Tryptophan seemed to be the limiting amino acid in clam and paphia meat protein.
This is the first report of the use of A. fumigatusl-amino acid oxidase for racemic resolution of dl-amino acids.
We conclude that during intravenous amino acid administration in the dog, the splanchnic bed is the major site of net amino acid disposal.

Related Questions

Amino acids in asteroids4 answersAmino acids have been detected in asteroids and meteorites, suggesting their potential role in the origin of life on Earth. The Ryugu asteroid fragments from the Hayabusa2 mission contain amino acids, with N,N-dimethylglycine (DMG) being the most abundant in one particle. Another study found a wide diversity of amino acids in a highly primitive CM carbonaceous chondrite meteorite, indicating formation during aqueous alteration. Iron meteorites, which contain less carbon, were also found to have amino acids, suggesting that they should not be overlooked for contributions to early Earth. Additionally, amino acids have been detected in micrometeorites, further supporting the presence of these organic molecules in small solar system bodies. The high-pressure torsion method was used to simulate impacts by small solar system bodies on glycine, resulting in partial decomposition to ethanol, highlighting the possibility of the origin of ethanol detected in comets.
What amino acids are present in milk?5 answersMilk contains a variety of amino acids, including essential and non-essential amino acids. Some of the essential amino acids found in milk include lysine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, and phenylalanine. Non-essential amino acids such as glutamic acid, ornithine, aspartic acid, proline, serine, and threonine are also present in milk. Additionally, milk contains other nitrogen-containing components such as milk protein-derived peptides, peptide hormones, and free nucleotides. The amino acid composition of milk is important for the nutritional status of newborns, as amino acids play a role in immune function and overall growth and development. The concentration of amino acids in milk can vary depending on factors such as the health of the cow and the stage of lactation. Overall, milk is a rich source of amino acids that are essential for various physiological functions.
What are the amino acids present in whey?5 answersWhey contains a variety of amino acids, including both essential and non-essential amino acids. Some of the amino acids found in whey include alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, methionine, serine, phenylalanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, tyrosine, cystine, histidine, arginine, glycine, threonine, tryptophan, and lysine. These amino acids play important roles in various physiological processes and are essential for the synthesis of proteins and other molecules in the body. The presence of these amino acids in whey makes it a valuable source of bioactive components that can contribute to human nutrition and health.
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Is the F. tularensis in zambia?
5 answers
Based on the provided research data, there is no direct mention of Francisella tularensis (F. tularensis) being present in Zambia. Studies have focused on detecting F. tularensis in Kazakhstan, Turkey, and investigating its intracellular lifestyle within amoebae in laboratory settings. The absence of F. tularensis detection in water samples from Ankara, Turkey, and the seroreactivity of sheep to tularemia in endemic areas were highlighted. Additionally, the research emphasized the pathogen's strategies to acquire essential amino acids for intracellular proliferation. While the studies provide valuable insights into F. tularensis genotyping, epidemiology, and intracellular behavior, there is no specific mention of its presence in Zambia in the provided contexts.
How much phenolic content in protein concentrate with ultrasound assisted alkaline extraction?
4 answers
The phenolic content in protein concentrates extracted using ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction varied across different studies. Algal proteins were found to contain total phenolics ranging from 6.13 to 70.13 mg gallic acid equivalents/g. In the case of Brewer's spent grain, the extraction of polyphenols using ultrasound-assisted techniques was explored, with the extracts characterized in terms of individual phenolic compounds. Additionally, the integration of ultrasonic pretreatment with ethanol and Viscozyme in the alkaline extraction of protein from tea residue resulted in the extraction of polyphenols as by-products, with a yield of 79.25 ± 0.75 mg/g extracted along the extraction protocol. These studies collectively demonstrate the potential for extracting phenolic compounds during protein extraction processes utilizing ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction methods.
What is the evolutionary significance of NFkB in animals?
5 answers
NFkB plays a crucial role in the evolutionary history of animals, particularly in immune responses and regeneration. Studies have shown that NFkB activation is a key signaling hub in Müller glia (MG) after retinal damage, influencing glial responses and the reprogramming of MG into neurons. Additionally, genetic studies have identified NFKB1 as a locus associated with antibody responses to various pathogens, suggesting its involvement in immune regulation across species. Furthermore, NFkB's activation domain, similar to other transcription factors, interacts with transcription mediators to activate gene expression, indicating its conserved role in transcriptional regulation from humans to amphibians. Overall, NFkB's evolutionary significance lies in its multifaceted functions in immunity, regeneration, and transcriptional regulation across different animal species.
How does lysine affect appetite regulation in humans?
4 answers
Lysine has been shown to have various effects on appetite regulation in humans. Studies have demonstrated that lysine can reduce the glycemic response to a mixed-nutrient drink, independent of insulin or gastric emptying slowing. Additionally, both rat and human studies have indicated that lysine dose-dependently delays gastric emptying and stimulates gastrointestinal secretion, potentially impacting food intake. Furthermore, lysine is considered an essential amino acid that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and metabolism, with limited availability in certain food sources. Overall, lysine's influence on glycemic response, gastric emptying, and gastrointestinal function suggests its involvement in appetite regulation mechanisms in humans.
How is data analyzed for plant metabolites using HPLC coupled with LC-MS?
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Plant metabolites are analyzed using HPLC coupled with LC-MS through advanced techniques and tools. LC-MS is crucial for qualitative and quantitative assessment of plant metabolites. It enables the detection of secondary metabolites like flavonoids and phenolic acids, and aids in the identification of phytohormones, folic acid, and other secondary metabolites. Additionally, untargeted metabolomics studies benefit from LC/MS precision and sensitivity, although data analysis can be challenging. By employing chemometric methods and dereplication tools, LC-HRMS/MS facilitates the discovery of novel biologically active molecules in plant extracts. Furthermore, the combination of liquid chromatography and low-resolution mass spectrometry is effective for fingerprint analysis of plant samples, aiding in the classification of physiologically active secondary metabolites.
How can i screen potassium solubilizing activity on endophytic fungi?
5 answers
To screen potassium solubilizing activity in endophytic fungi, various methods can be employed based on the research findings. One approach involves isolating potassium solubilizing fungi from rhizosphere soils, like Aspergillus spp., which have shown promising solubilization of potash minerals like mica. Additionally, endophytic fungi, such as Aspergillus niger, have been identified for their ability to dissolve phosphate efficiently, indicating their potential for solubilizing essential nutrients like potassium. Furthermore, the use of endophytic fungi, including Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Trichoderma, has been highlighted for their role in solubilizing phosphorus, which can indirectly impact potassium availability for plants. These findings collectively suggest that screening for potassium solubilizing activity in endophytic fungi can be conducted by assessing their ability to solubilize minerals like mica, phosphate, and phosphorus, which indirectly influences potassium availability.
How do urinary tract infections (UTIs) affect the overall health of an individual?
4 answers
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) have significant implications for overall health. UTIs are commonly misdiagnosed, leading to inappropriate antimicrobial use and contributing to rising antimicrobial resistance. Host factors play a crucial role in determining the outcome of UTIs, with uncomplicated infections typically caused by Escherichia coli and complicated infections by species like Proteus mirabilis. The immune response in the urinary tract, involving neutrophils and white blood cells, is vital in combating UTIs. UTIs can substantially impair quality of life, especially in vulnerable groups, necessitating timely detection, which can be challenging in low-resource settings. Specific populations, such as individuals with HIV/AIDS, face additional complexities due to diverse etiologies and antimicrobial resistance, making UTI management challenging.
Disadvantage of using citric acid as antimicrobial agent?
5 answers
The disadvantage of using citric acid as an antimicrobial agent lies in its cytotoxic effects. Citric acid has been shown to exhibit severe toxicity, especially in undiluted forms, which can impact normal cell morphology. Additionally, citric acid has been found to activate the glyoxylate cycle, inhibit ATP production, reduce cell respiration levels, and disrupt the bacterial tricarboxylic acid cycle, leading to the development of antibiotic tolerance in bacteria. While citric acid demonstrates antimicrobial properties against various pathogens, its cytotoxicity and potential to induce antibiotic tolerance highlight the need for caution in its use as an antimicrobial agent. Moreover, the effectiveness of citric acid as an antimicrobial agent can vary based on the concentration and pH levels, with higher concentrations at elevated pH levels showing superior antimicrobial effects but also potentially causing more significant damage to bacterial membranes.
What is the application of citric acid in cosmetic application?
5 answers
Citric acid, commonly used in various fields, plays a significant role in cosmetic applications. Researchhighlights that citric acid can weaken the bactericidal activity of antibiotics against bacterial pathogens by affecting bacterial metabolism. Additionally, citric acid is utilized in the development of nano-emulsions for essential oils like citral from Pectis elongata, enhancing their dispersability for cosmetic and phytotherapic purposes. Moreover, AHAs, including citric acid, are extensively used in cosmetics for superficial peeling and improving skin conditions like keratoses and acne. These findings underscore the diverse roles of citric acid in cosmetics, ranging from enhancing product stability to influencing skin health and formulation efficacy.
What is the difference between algae and cyanobacteria?
5 answers
Algae and cyanobacteria differ in their cellular structure and genetic diversity. Algae are eukaryotic organisms with a nucleus and other organelles, while cyanobacteria are prokaryotes lacking these structures. Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are photosynthetic bacteria that contain pigments like chlorophyll, giving them a green color, and beta-carotene, which contributes to a red hue. In contrast, algae are primarily multicellular organisms with larger cell sizes and diverse forms, including seaweeds and microalgae. Cyanobacteria are particularly efficient in biomass production and can be cultivated in various environments, including wastewater, making them valuable for bio-fertilizer production and biofuel generation. Algae, on the other hand, are derived from living sources like animals and plants, with limitations in land use and biomass production compared to cyanobacteria.
What are the recent studies on the antimicrobial activities of citric acid?
4 answers
Recent studies have delved into the antimicrobial activities of citric acid, revealing intriguing findings. One study assessed the cytotoxicity and antibacterial efficacy of 1% and 10% citric acid solutions, highlighting their antimicrobial properties but also emphasizing cytotoxic effects during endodontic treatment. Another study demonstrated that citric acid induced antibiotic tolerance in bacteria by affecting their metabolism, which could be reversed by succinic acid and xanthine. Additionally, research on functionalized magnesium ferrite nanoparticles with citric acid showcased enhanced antimicrobial potential against pathogenic bacteria and yeast, along with efficient removal of azo dye. Furthermore, the antimicrobial effect of citric acid was shown to be pH-dependent, with higher concentrations at pH 9.5 exhibiting superior efficacy against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella aerogenes.