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What country has the most graphene? 

Graphene foam
Graphene
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Bilayer graphene
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Papers (10)Insight
Journal Article•DOI
Transport properties of a highly conductive 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene/graphene composite
Brahim Aïssa, Adnan Ali, Khaled A. Mahmoud, T. Haddad, Mourad Nedil 
29 Jul 2016-Applied Physics Letters
79 Citations
% of graphene, rendering this MXene based composite one of the most electrically conductive to date.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI
Early patterns of commercial activity in graphene
Philip Shapira, Philip Shapira, Jan Youtie, Sanjay K. Arora 
25 Mar 2012-Journal of Nanoparticle Research
31 Citations
By analyzing corporate publication and patent activity across country and application lines, we find that, while graphene as a whole is experiencing concurrent scientific development and patenting growth, country- and application-specific trends offer some evidence of the linear and double-boom models.
Journal Article•DOI
Synthesis of N-Doped Graphene by Chemical Vapor Deposition and Its Electrical Properties
Dacheng Wei, Yunqi Liu, Yu Wang, Hongliang Zhang, Liping Huang, Gui Yu 
27 Mar 2009-Nano Letters
2.8K Citations
We find that most of them are few-layer graphene, although single-layer graphene can be occasionally detected.
Journal Article•DOI
Adsorption of graphene to metal (111) surfaces using the exchange-hole dipole moment model
Matthew S. Christian, Alberto Otero-de-la-Roza, Erin R. Johnson 
01 Nov 2017-Carbon
23 Citations
Graphene has a unique electronic structure and excellent tribological properties.
Journal Article•DOI
Combustion synthesis of graphene materials
Khachatur V. Manukyan, Sergei Rouvimov, Eduardo E. Wolf, Alexander S. Mukasyan 
01 Oct 2013-Carbon
34 Citations
It is important that the produced graphene has low (
Open access•Journal Article•DOI
Graphene gets ready for the big time.
Geoff Brumfiel
25 Mar 2009-Nature
121 Citations
But graphene also has properties that make it alluring for certain applications.
Journal Article•DOI
Synthesis of amphiphilic graphene nanoplatelets.
Jianfeng Shen, Yizhe Hu, Chen Li, Chen Qin, Mingxin Ye 
01 Jan 2009-Small
347 Citations
It is likely the most readily available and least expensive source for the production of bulk graphene sheets.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI
Porous Graphene Microflowers for High-Performance Microwave Absorption.
Chen Chen, Jiabin Xi, Erzhen Zhou, Li Peng, Zichen Chen, Chao Gao 
01 Jan 2018-Nano-micro Letters
259 Citations
Such performance is higher than most graphene-based materials in the literature.
Journal Article•DOI
Improving Terahertz Sheet Conductivity of Graphene Films Synthesized by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition with Acetylene
Mei Qi, Yixuan Zhou, Fangrong Hu, Xinlong Xu, Weilong Li, Anran Li, Jintao Bai, Zhaoyu Ren 
30 Jun 2014-Journal of Physical Chemistry C
20 Citations
The results show that graphene grown at 1000 °C has the highest THz sheet conductivity.
Journal Article•DOI
Simultaneous synthesis of diverse graphene via electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide
Yu Shang, Dong Zhang, Yanyun Liu, Yong Liu 
27 Mar 2015-Journal of Applied Electrochemistry
15 Citations
This method has the potential for large-scale production of graphene.

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See what other people are reading

How strain is defined in graphene at the atomic level?
5 answers
Strain in graphene at the atomic level refers to the deformation of the lattice structure due to external forces or defects. The atomic-scale response of graphene to strain can be observed through techniques like nanoindentation and transmission electron microscopy, allowing for precise measurements of bond lengths and strain distribution. By creating strain patterns in graphene, researchers can manipulate its properties and study the effects on charge carriers. While previous approaches focused on small strains, new discrete frameworks enable accurate calculations of strain-induced gauge fields even under large strains, providing insights into the mechanical and electrical behavior of strained graphene at the atomic level.What are the potential applications and advantages of graphene-based membranes versus zeolite-based membranes in carbon dioxide separation, and?
4 answers
Graphene-based membranes and zeolite-based membranes each offer unique advantages for carbon dioxide separation, with potential applications that leverage their distinct properties. Graphene-based membranes are celebrated for their high separation potential, attributed to their tunable nanosized channels, high surface area, and porosity, which are crucial for efficient ion and molecule separation. The solvent-ink-jet printing technique described for graphene layers indicates a novel approach to overcoming challenges in scalable manufacturing, showing promising CO2 separation performance with a significant decrease in CO2 composition in permeate. Graphene oxide (GO), in particular, has shown great potential in membrane-based separation, with its incorporation into membranes enhancing permeation and metal ions rejection rates, indicating its versatility beyond gas separation to applications like heavy metals removal from polluted water. On the other hand, zeolite membranes, as compiled in a review, have seen recent advancements that significantly improve selectivities and permeances for CO2 and N2, suggesting reduced energy demand and lower operational costs. However, their commercial deployment requires further studies to assess long-term operation and separation performance in multicomponent systems. Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), a subset of zeolite membranes, when modified with graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), have shown to rigidify the framework, leading to high H2/CO2 separation performance, indicating their potential application in blue hydrogen production. Comparatively, graphene-based membranes offer broader application potential due to their mechanical properties and tunability, which are advantageous for both gas separation and water treatment. Zeolite membranes, with their improved selectivity and permeance for specific gases, present a cost-effective option for industrial gas separation processes. The integration of graphene or GNRs into zeolite frameworks combines the strengths of both materials, suggesting a synergistic approach for enhancing separation performance.Why nitrigen doped graohene is better that graphene for gas sensing?
5 answers
Nitrogen-doped graphene exhibits enhanced gas-sensing capabilities compared to pristine graphene due to several key factors. Firstly, the introduction of nitrogen into the graphene lattice induces a band gap, which is absent in pristine graphene, thereby improving its electrical conductivity and sensitivity to gas molecules. This modification allows for a more pronounced modulation of electrical conductivity in response to gas adsorption, making nitrogen-doped graphene a superior material for detecting various gases. The doping process also generates defects and increases the surface area, which maximizes the interaction between the surface and gas molecules, further enhancing the gas-sensing performance. Density Functional Theory (DFT) studies have shown that nitrogen-doped graphene sheets exhibit selective binding to different gases, such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen, which is crucial for the development of selective gas sensors. The electronic structures of these doped graphene sheets are altered in a way that improves their ability to detect specific gases. Additionally, the presence of nitrogen creates special binding sites that are beneficial for near-surface interaction with gas molecules, significantly changing the electronic characteristics of graphene and its derivatives and expanding its potential use as gas sensors. Experimental research has demonstrated that nitrogen-doped graphene sensors are responsive to low concentrations of gases at room temperature, showcasing higher sensitivity and excellent reproducibility compared to their undoped counterparts. Furthermore, the introduction of nitrogen into graphene has been shown to facilitate stronger chemisorption of gas molecules, such as NO2, leading to higher sensitivity and selectivity towards these gases. The codoping of heteroatoms, including nitrogen, in graphene has been explored to further improve gas sensing properties, indicating that nitrogen doping is a key strategy in enhancing the performance of graphene-based gas sensors. In summary, nitrogen doping enhances the gas-sensing capabilities of graphene by introducing a band gap, generating defects, increasing surface area, and creating specific binding sites for gas molecules, which collectively contribute to improved sensitivity, selectivity, and overall performance of gas sensors.What are the current advancements in the development of piezoresistive pressure sensors based on poly-silicon?
5 answers
Current advancements in piezoresistive pressure sensors based on poly-silicon include the utilization of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) for enhanced sensing capabilities. SiNWs exhibit unique one-dimensional electronic structures, making them ideal for various applications such as biosensors, FETs, and piezoresistive pressure sensors. Additionally, the development of flexible piezoresistive membranes using polymer solutions has shown promising results, with increased sensitivity and gauge factors for piezoresistive sensing applications. Furthermore, the integration of ultra-thin graphene foam (GRF) with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) in piezoresistive pressure sensors has demonstrated sensitivity to pressures ranging from 0 to >100kPa, although not yet comparable to current sensors. These advancements highlight the diverse approaches being explored to enhance the performance and applications of poly-silicon-based piezoresistive pressure sensors.How does chemical vapor growth of graphene work?
5 answers
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) for graphene growth involves complex gas-phase surface reactions, mass, momentum, and energy transfer processes. Factors like temperature, pressure, and reactor design play crucial roles in optimizing graphene synthesis. Electric fields applied during CVD can significantly impact graphene growth, enabling selective or rapid growth of clean films. Direct CVD of graphene on specific substrates like 3C-SiC can be challenging due to low carbon atom diffusion, necessitating alternative methods like PECVD for successful growth. A modified CVD method utilizing ceramic plates and defect-rich vertical graphene accelerates graphene growth without increasing nucleation density, enabling rapid millimeter-sized graphene grain production in minutes. Overall, CVD processes involve intricate mechanisms combining chemical reactions, transport phenomena, and reactor optimization to achieve efficient graphene synthesis.Solid state foaming process PCL possible?
4 answers
The solid-state foaming process of Poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) is indeed feasible and has been extensively studied in various research papers. Studies have shown that utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as a physical blowing agent enables the successful foaming of PCL. The incorporation of other materials such as Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), hydroxyapatite, nanocellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, and graphene oxide has been explored to enhance the properties of the foamed PCL structures. Optimal process parameters have been identified, including pressure, temperature, and time, to achieve structures suitable for biomedical applications. The biocompatibility of the resulting PCL foams has been confirmed, making them suitable for use in artificial scaffolds for cell culture in biomedical engineering.Solid state foaming process pure PCL possible?
5 answers
Yes, the solid-state foaming process of pure poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) is feasible. Research has shown that PCL can be foamed using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as a physical blowing agent, resulting in porous structures with controllable properties. Additionally, studies have explored the use of non-toxic and environmentally friendly blowing agents, such as supercritical mixtures of carbon dioxide (CO2) and ethyl lactate (EL), to foam PCL at relatively low temperatures. Furthermore, investigations into the foaming behavior of PCL with nitrogen as the foaming agent have provided insights into the correlation between foam structure and processing variables, aiding in the design of PCL foams with desired properties. Therefore, the solid-state foaming of pure PCL is not only possible but can also be tailored to achieve specific characteristics for various applications.Solid state foaming process pure PCL at -70degree possible?
5 answers
Solid-state foaming of pure PCL at -70 degrees Celsius is not feasible based on the data from the provided contexts. The optimal conditions for foaming PCL-based composites using supercritical CO2 were found to be at a temperature of 70 degrees Celsius. Additionally, studies on PCL foaming with supercritical CO2 and ethyl lactate as blowing agents were conducted at temperatures ranging from 35 to 40 degrees Celsius. Furthermore, investigations into the foaming behavior of PCL with nitrogen as the foaming agent did not mention temperatures as low as -70 degrees Celsius, emphasizing the correlation between foaming temperature and foam structure. Therefore, based on the available data, solid-state foaming of pure PCL at -70 degrees Celsius is not supported by the research findings.Pure PCL can be foaming with external oil or water bath?
5 answers
Pure PCL can be foamed using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as a foaming agent, as demonstrated in various studies. When scCO2 was utilized as a dispersion medium for nanocomposite preparation and as a blowing agent, poor clay dispersion and non-uniform porous structures were observed. Additionally, the presence of clay in PCL nanocomposites resulted in increased cell density and reduced cell size during the foaming process, attributed to the higher viscosity of the melt. Furthermore, the foaming of PCL-based composites using supercritical carbon dioxide was analyzed, showing significant influence of process conditions on the properties of solid foams, with optimal parameters determined for specific applications. Therefore, external oil or water baths are not necessary for foaming pure PCL, as supercritical carbon dioxide can effectively serve as a foaming agent.Definition of Graphene Oxide?
4 answers
Graphene oxide (GO) is a two-dimensional material derived from oxidized graphite, featuring a hexagonal lattice structure with oxygen functional groups decorating the carbon plane. It can be synthesized through exfoliation of graphite oxide using methods like sonication or mechanical stirring, with the modified Hummer’s method being a widely used technique. GO's versatile properties, including excellent electrical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics, make it suitable for various applications such as polymer composites, energy conversion materials, sensors, FET transistors, and photonic applications. Additionally, GO has emerged as a significant material in photonics, electronics, and optoelectronics, offering exceptional performance in technologies like solar energy harvesting, energy storage, medical diagnosis, image display, and optical communications.How does the use of DEHP enhance the mechanical properties of polymers?
5 answers
The use of di(2-ethyl hexyl)phthalate (DEHP) as a plasticizer can have varying effects on the mechanical properties of polymers. Research indicates that DEHP, when added to PVC/PMMA blends, can lead to a decrease in stress at break and Young modulus, affecting the tensile behavior and hardness. On the other hand, studies have shown that post-processing heat treatment, like heat treating 3D printed PETG parts, can significantly enhance mechanical properties such as tensile and compressive strength, reducing the performance gap between 3D printing and injection molding. Additionally, the incorporation of sorbitol-derivatives into isotactic polypropylene (i-PP) through cryomilling has been found to improve tensile strength by reducing the average spherulite size of the polymer, enhancing its mechanical properties.