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These results suggest that the clone‐derived cells have fully acquired an ES cell character.
We show that while cell phone reuse has a healthy profit margin, handset recycling is currently a by-product of reuse.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
Elmar Juergens, Nils Göde 
08 May 2010
17 Citations
The results of a large industrial case study indicate that it can significantly increase clone detection accuracy.
Thus, although this cytotoxic T-cell clone does have useful in vivo activity, its function may be partially limited by a generalized defect in migration.
Previously, a CD8+ T cell clone, I. S.
Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1994
43 Citations
In some instances, it is even advantageous not to clone the products, as described in other chapters.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
08 May 2010
36 Citations
We believe it is necessary to have a better understanding of how developers approach and remove duplication to improve clone detectors as well as clone refactoring tools.
This result provides evidence for the pluripotentiality of the clone-forming cell.

Related Questions

What are the type of cloning techniques?4 answersThere are several types of cloning techniques available. One approach is ligation-independent cloning, which includes methods such as polymerase incomplete primer extension (PIPE) cloning, sequence and ligation-independent cloning (SLIC), and overlap extension cloning (OEC). These techniques rely on generating complementary overhangs by DNA polymerase, eliminating the need for specific restriction sites or ligation. Another type of cloning technique involves using zygotes as recipients for cell nuclear transfer. Microsurgical methods are used to remove pronuclei from zygotes, breaking them and leaving behind nuclear components in the cytoplasm, making the enucleated zygotes suitable for cloning. Additionally, there are cloning techniques specifically related to data storage systems, such as creating writable clones of virtual volumes (vvols). These techniques involve creating a base snapshot, creating a new vvol as a clone, and instantiating the clone by loading a file system onto it.
What is cloning?5 answersCloning is the process of creating genetically identical individuals. It has different meanings depending on the context. In the field of science, cloning has been used to refer to natural reproduction in bacteria, horticultural practices, and various molecular technologies in vertebrates. In the context of database systems, cloning refers to creating a point-in-time copy of a database for testing or data analysis purposes. Gene cloning involves generating identical copies of a cell or organism by cutting DNA into fragments and cloning them onto a vector, which can be used for various applications in medicine, agriculture, and research. Animal cloning is a reproductive technology that allows the creation of identical genetic twins from existing animals, with applications in breeding and genetic trait replication. Cloning also has the potential for generating copies of elite animals for livestock breeding and establishing herds of transgenic animals for pharmaceutical production.
What is cloning?5 answersCloning is the process of creating genetically identical individuals. It has different meanings depending on the context. In the field of science, cloning has been used to refer to natural reproduction in bacteria, horticultural practices, and various molecular technologies in vertebrates. In the context of database systems, cloning refers to creating a point-in-time copy of a database for testing or data analysis purposes. Gene cloning involves generating identical copies of a cell or organism by cutting DNA into fragments and cloning them onto a vector, which can be used for various applications in medicine, agriculture, and research. Animal cloning is a reproductive technology that allows the creation of genetically identical individuals for breeding purposes, but it faces challenges in terms of low survival rates. Cloning has potential applications in livestock breeding and the production of pharmaceuticals, but ethical considerations have limited its use in human cloning.
The steps to handmade cloning?4 answersHandmade cloning (HMC) is a method of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) that eliminates the need for micromanipulators. The steps involved in HMC include: (1) preparing the donor cells, such as fetal fibroblasts, for constructing the cloned embryos, (2) preparing the recipient egg cytoplasm for constructing the cloned embryos, (3) performing handmade enucleation of the oocytes, which involves removing the somatic nucleus and transferring it into an enucleated oocyte, (4) reconstructing the buffalo transgenic cloned embryos, (5) activating the reconstructed embryos chemically, and (6) culturing the cloned embryos to allow their development. HMC has been shown to be a simple and efficient method for large-scale embryo production, with high blastocyst rates and successful births in various species, including water buffalo and pigs.
What is molecualr cloning?4 answersMolecular cloning is a technique used to isolate and create multiple copies of a specific DNA fragment in a host organism. It is a fundamental tool in molecular and cellular biology research, allowing the study of individual DNA sequences and the generation of complex combinations of DNA fragments for various applications. The process involves the isolation of a DNA fragment of interest, its insertion into a vector, and the replication of the recombinant DNA in a host organism. Molecular cloning has been widely used in labs worldwide for over 30 years and has been continuously updated to include the most valuable and widely used nucleic-acid based methods. It is essential for various applications, including gene transfer, expression analysis, and the preparation and manipulation of DNA, RNA, and proteins. The techniques used in molecular cloning are covered in detail in laboratory manuals, providing students with hands-on experience in subcloning genes and purifying recombinant proteins.
What is the concept of recombinant DNA technology in cloning?4 answersRecombinant DNA technology in cloning involves the creation of hybrid DNA by inserting a foreign sequence into the DNA of another species. This is achieved by extracting the gene of interest and incorporating it into a self-replicating vector, such as a plasmid. The vector's DNA is cleaved using a restriction endonuclease and then sealed back using DNA ligase. The vector is then inserted into a host organism, such as E. coli. The plasmid will multiply within the host, and the host's translation machinery will synthesize proteins from the inserted gene. This technology has been used to synthesize hormones, vaccines, drugs, and genetically modified food, as well as in gene therapy. Biosimilars, which are similar products manufactured using recombinant DNA technology, have also been developed. Recombinant DNA technology allows for the manipulation and study of genes involved in biological pathways. It involves recombining genes from different sources and expressing them in a host organism, typically E. coli. This technology has advanced rapidly, with new techniques being discovered and applied in gene cloning, restriction endonucleases, DNA sequencing, and protein expression. Cloning procedures using recombinant DNA technology involve amplifying, cutting, and ligating DNA in vitro. This allows for the creation of recombinant clones, which can be used to study gene function, visualize proteins, and facilitate protein purification. DNA cloning in episomes or plasmids of bacteria and simple eukaryotes is a cost-effective method for amplifying DNA with high precision. It involves the generation of recombinant plasmids by joining plasmid vector DNA and insert DNA fragments using DNA ligase. These recombinant plasmids can be introduced into microbial organisms through transformation or transduction, and various selection methods can be used to identify the desired clones.

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How does FACS analysis help detect CAR-positive NK cells after transfection?
4 answers
Flow Cytometry (FACS) analysis is instrumental in detecting CAR-positive NK cells post-transfection. This method allows for the identification and quantification of CAR expression on the surface of NK cells. By utilizing FACS analysis, researchers can assess the successful transfection of NK cells with the CAR gene. Moreover, FACS analysis enables the evaluation of the level of CAR expression on the NK cells, confirming the presence of the chimeric antigen receptor. This technique plays a crucial role in verifying the efficiency of the transfection process and the subsequent expression of the CAR gene on the NK cells, providing valuable insights into the functionality and potential therapeutic efficacy of CAR-NK cells.
Does the pituicyte turnover?
7 answers
Pituicyte turnover, a process involving the renewal and replacement of these specialized glial cells in the posterior pituitary, is indeed a phenomenon supported by various studies. Pituicytes, recognized for their close association with neurosecretory axonal endings, undergo dynamic changes in response to physiological states such as dehydration, parturition, and lactation, which suggests an active turnover process. During dehydration, for instance, an increase in mitotic activity of pituicytes has been observed, indicating cell proliferation as part of the turnover process. This is further supported by findings that show pituicytes exhibit morphological changes and increased metabolic activity during prolonged dehydration, suggesting both proliferative and degenerative phases as components of turnover. Moreover, the involvement of pituicytes in neurohormone regulation, through their interactions with neurosecretory axons and terminals, implies a functional necessity for their turnover. They adapt their morphology and positioning in response to hormonal demand, which could necessitate renewal to maintain optimal function. The presence of mitotic figures in pituicytes after dehydration also hints at their proliferative capacity, which is a key aspect of cellular turnover. Additionally, the broader context of cellular turnover in secretory tissues, such as the liver, highlights the importance of regulated cell death and replacement for maintaining tissue homeostasis. This concept can be extrapolated to pituicytes, suggesting that their turnover is part of a regulated process essential for the proper functioning of the neurohypophysis. In summary, evidence from studies on pituicyte morphology, response to physiological stimuli, and cellular dynamics supports the concept of pituicyte turnover. This turnover likely plays a crucial role in the adaptive and regulatory functions of the posterior pituitary, ensuring the efficient release of neurohormones necessary for hydromineral homeostasis.
Could ICD inducer, TGF-beta inhibitor and PD-1 be combined?
5 answers
Combining an ICD inducer, TGF-beta inhibitor, and PD-1 could be a promising approach in cancer treatment. TGF-beta plays a role in immunosuppression and resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors like PD-1. Inhibiting TGF-beta can enhance immune function and response to therapy. Additionally, combining a TGF-beta inhibitor with PD-1 blockade has shown significant therapeutic benefits in preclinical models. Furthermore, the combination of a PD-1 axis binding antagonist, TGF-beta inhibitor, and DNA-PK inhibitor, along with other agents, has been proposed for cancers with PD-L1 expression, indicating the potential for synergistic effects. Therefore, the combination of an ICD inducer, TGF-beta inhibitor, and PD-1 holds promise in overcoming resistance mechanisms and improving treatment outcomes in cancer therapy.
How can histone acetylation and methylation enzymes be targeted to alleviate cd8 t cell exhaustion?
5 answers
Histone acetylation and methylation enzymes play crucial roles in regulating the epigenetic landscape of CD8+ T cells. Targeting these enzymes presents a promising approach to alleviate CD8+ T cell exhaustion. Strategies involving histone methyltransferase inhibitors have shown potential in rescuing impaired metabolic and anti-viral functions of exhausted T cells. Additionally, epigenetic interventions aimed at dynamically governing the epigenetic switches of T cells can help maintain their effector functions and rescue CD8+ T cell functions from exhaustion. Understanding the metabolic regulation of CD8+ T cell epigenetics during activation and differentiation is crucial, especially in the context of the tumor microenvironment, to overcome limitations of current CD8+ T cell-based therapies. By targeting histone acetylation and methylation enzymes, it is possible to reprogram the epigenetic landscape of exhausted CD8+ T cells and potentially enhance their anti-tumor responses.
What is the role of Dleu2-encoded peptide in regulating autoimmunity?
5 answers
The DLEU2-encoded peptide plays a crucial role in regulating autoimmunity by influencing various aspects of immune responses. DLEU2 has been shown to be significantly elevated in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tissues, where it promotes tumorigenesis, migration, and glycolysis. Additionally, DLEU2 is implicated in cervical cancer pathology, inhibiting cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Moreover, peptides derived from MHC class II-binding peptides can selectively inhibit T cell activation, potentially preventing autoimmune diseases by targeting antigen-presenting cells, autoreactive T cells, and regulatory T cells. Furthermore, a peptide encoded by pri-miRNA-31, miPEP31, promotes the differentiation of regulatory T cells without affecting their inhibitory function, highlighting its role in immune homeostasis and potential therapeutic applications for autoimmune diseases.
Are naive T cells a negative prognostic marker in pancreas carcinoma?
4 answers
Naive T cells do not appear to be a negative prognostic marker in pancreatic carcinoma. Studies on pancreatic cancer patients have highlighted the significance of different T cell subtypes in the tumor microenvironment. While regulatory T cells (Tregs) and PD-L1+ T cells were associated with poor prognosis, CD8 + CD122 + T cells in the peripheral blood were linked to patient survival and early mortality in metastatic pancreatic cancer cases. Additionally, T cell analyses revealed that CD8+ T cells in pancreatic cancer patients were either senescent or exhausted, with high expression of TIGIT and CD39, indicating an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Therefore, naive T cells are not specifically identified as a negative prognostic marker in pancreatic carcinoma based on the available data.
Have T cell proliferation assays replaced DTH?
5 answers
T cell proliferation assays have not replaced Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) testing but have significantly advanced immunological research. While T cell assays offer detailed insights into T cell function and responses, DTH remains relevant for assessing immune reactions in vivo. T cell assays, such as those using CFSE dilution, provide microscopic resolution and single-cell sensitivity for studying T cell proliferation. These assays have evolved with technological advancements, emphasizing assay robustness, quality control, and standardized data analysis. DTH, on the other hand, is a classic method for assessing cell-mediated immunity by measuring skin reactions to antigens. Both techniques serve distinct purposes in immunology, with T cell assays offering a more comprehensive understanding of T cell behavior, while DTH remains valuable for certain diagnostic and research applications.
Have T cell proliferation assays replaced DTH? Are clincians still using DTH skin testing?
5 answers
T cell proliferation assays have not entirely replaced Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) skin testing. While T cell proliferation assays offer specific assessments of clonal diversity in T cell proliferations, DTH skin testing is still utilized in clinical trials to evaluate T cell-targeted investigational agents. The DTH response can be measured effectively through clinical assessments like induration, erythema, and Laser Doppler Imaging, making it a valuable tool for monitoring immune responses. Additionally, DTH skin testing using sensitized guinea pig models has shown comparable reactions to conventional purified protein derivative (PPD) in tuberculosis skin testing, indicating its continued relevance in certain contexts. Therefore, clinicians continue to use DTH skin testing alongside T cell proliferation assays for different purposes in clinical practice and research.
What are the differences in transcriptional factors between T-cell lineage specification and Treg terminal differentiation?
4 answers
Transcription factors play a crucial role in T-cell lineage specification and regulatory T (Treg) terminal differentiation. Lineage-determining transcription factors, such as T-bet for Th1, GATA3 for Th2, RORγt for Th17, Bcl6 for Tfh, and Foxp3 for Treg cells, are essential for directing specific differentiation programs. These factors interact with a network of transcriptional regulators to orchestrate gene expression and cell fate decisions. Additionally, epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, influence T-cell plasticity and memory formation. Studies have identified key transcription factors like Elf1, Prdm9, Kdm2b, and Tet3 that are involved in T-cell fate decisions and memory cell differentiation. Understanding the intricate interplay of transcription factors and epigenetic regulation is crucial for elucidating the mechanisms underlying T-cell lineage specification and Treg terminal differentiation.
What is the latest interesting progress with pancreas regeneration?
5 answers
The latest interesting progress in pancreas regeneration involves the utilization of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) to generate glucose-responsive pancreatic islet cells for potential therapeutic applications. Studies have shown that PSC-derived pancreatic islet cells can mimic in vivo islet cell structures and function, offering promise for treating diabetes through cell transplantation into diabetic animal models. Additionally, efforts are being made to induce endogenous regeneration of pancreatic cells by unraveling the mechanisms involved in intracellular signaling and regulation of pancreatic cell proliferation and regeneration. Furthermore, advancements in directing differentiation of PSCs into pancreatic β-cells are being explored as a potential strategy to restore β-cell mass in diabetic patients. These innovative approaches highlight the ongoing research towards developing effective therapies for diabetes by enhancing pancreatic regeneration.
What is an artefact in dsr methodology?
5 answers
In the context of Design Science Research (DSR) methodology, an artefact refers to a tangible outcome or product developed to address a specific problem or objective within the research framework. Artefacts can take various forms, such as software tools, models, or methodologies, and are essential components in the design and development process. These artefacts play a crucial role in enhancing understanding, problem-solving, and solution development within the research context, bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application. Artefacts are designed based on a combination of descriptive and prescriptive knowledge derived from existing literature and real-world application environments, contributing to the advancement of knowledge and practice in the respective research domain.