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These are the first reported metal gate transistors in the III‐V materials and the first using a nonepitaxial base and laterally seeded overgrowth.
The results may have implications to field-effect transistors made from other chemically derived materials.
It is shown that Si-based RF transistors are very fast and compete successfully with GaAs pHEMTs and GaAs HBTs.
These transistors exhibited ambipolar operation and an ON/OFF current ratio of ~104, demonstrating chemically grown WSe2 transistors on plastic substrates for the first time.
To the best of our knowledge, these are the most radiation-hard thin film transistors reported to date.
The results show the possibility of fabricating transistors with a very thin, highly doped base.
We believe these are the fastest transistors of their kind in the world.
It is concluded that transistors of the types at present available are well suited to computer circuits and that both the construction and maintenance of the apparatus are facilitated by their use.
Electrical output characteristics of both kinds of devices are reported, demonstrating that the performances of our devices may be compared to those of transistors fabricated employing different realization techniques.

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What names are applied to the two types of BJT transistors?
5 answers
The two types of Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) are named based on the arrangement of semiconductor materials within them. The first type is called NPN, which stands for Negative-Positive-Negative, while the second type is known as PNP, which stands for Positive-Negative-Positive. In an NPN transistor, the switch turns on when a current flows through the base, whereas in a PNP transistor, the switch turns on when there is no current through the base. These configurations are essential in determining the behavior and functionality of the transistors, influencing their applications in amplification, switching, and digital circuit elements.
What is application or daily use of adder and subtractor?
5 answers
Adder and subtractor circuits play a crucial role in digital circuits for performing arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction. These circuits are essential components in processors, where the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) utilizes them for executing mathematical functions. In the realm of quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA), novel adder/subtractor designs have been proposed, leveraging the benefits of quantum technology for efficient and cost-effective computing systems. Additionally, the Universal Verification Methodology (UVM) is employed for verifying the functionality of adder-subtractor circuits, offering automation and ease of building verification environments. Overall, adder and subtractor circuits find widespread application in daily computing tasks, ensuring accurate and reliable arithmetic calculations in various digital systems.
How does temperature could result to more radiation?
5 answers
Temperature can influence radiation emission in various ways. Higher temperatures lead to increased energy emission from objects, with visible energy emitted around 650°C. For instance, in the case of parametric x-ray radiation (PXR) from a Si crystal bombarded by electrons, cooling the crystal to liquid-nitrogen temperature enhances radiation intensity compared to room temperature. Moreover, studies on human peripheral blood lymphocytes show that aberration frequency post-irradiation is significantly higher at 37°C compared to 5°C, indicating a temperature-dependent effect on radiation-induced damage. Additionally, research on radiation absorption in living tissues at different temperatures suggests that radiation effects may be more pronounced at higher temperatures, highlighting the potential risks of combining elevated temperatures with x-radiation, especially in patients with body temperatures around 40°C.
What are the elastoplastic properties of GaN thin films under different loading conditions?
5 answers
The elastoplastic properties of GaN thin films vary under different loading conditions. Studies have shown that the nanohardness (H) and reduced elastic modulus (E*) of a-plane GaN thin films grown on r-plane sapphire increase with higher threading dislocation (TD) density, affecting the elastoplastic behavior due to TDs acting as obstacles for basal plane slip. Additionally, nanoindentation-induced mechanical deformation in GaN films leads to the nucleation of dislocations after repeated loading-reloading cycles, resulting in slip bands and mobile dislocations under stress fields, impacting the material properties such as hardness (H). These findings highlight the intricate relationship between dislocation density, mechanical behavior, and material properties in GaN thin films under varying loading conditions.
What are the challenges in single molecular electronics can large language model can solve?
5 answers
Challenges in single-molecule electronics, such as connecting molecules between wires for device functionality, persist despite advancements in theory and experiment. Machine learning models, like MoLFormer, trained on vast unlabeled molecular datasets, offer a solution by providing accurate property predictions with reduced complexity. These models, leveraging transformer-based language learning, outperform traditional supervised methods by capturing structural information from SMILES sequences of billions of molecules. MoLFormer's ability to learn spatial relationships between atoms within molecules enables it to predict various molecular properties, including quantum-chemical properties, showcasing the potential of large language models in addressing challenges in single-molecule electronics and advancing fields like drug discovery and material design.
What is lowest hysteresis alginate pedot pss compiste film?
4 answers
The lowest hysteresis alginate/PEDOT:PSS composite film is achieved through the fabrication of a conductive, stretchable, hydro-biodegradable cellulose/PEDOT:PSS hybrid film, exhibiting exceptional mechanical and electrical properties with minimal hysteresis. Additionally, a robust PAA/PEDOT:PSS conductive hydrogel with strong adhesion, well-matched modulus with skin tissue, low swelling, and negligible hysteresis is successfully prepared for wearable electronics applications. Furthermore, a side-polished optical fiber (SPOF) pulsewidth modulation (PWM)-based sensing system utilizing PEDOT:PSS as the primary temperature-sensitive sensing material demonstrates excellent hysteresis response and stability in temperature detection, outperforming other sensors in terms of hysteresis and performance. These studies collectively highlight the potential of PEDOT:PSS-based materials in achieving low hysteresis characteristics for various applications.
How solution processed SnO2 concentration effect the thin films properties?
4 answers
The concentration of solution-processed SnO2 significantly impacts the properties of thin films. Studies show that varying SnO2 concentrations affect the structural, optical, and opto-electrical properties of the films. Higher concentrations lead to improved spectral response, with the best response observed at 0.2 M concentration. Additionally, the pH level during synthesis plays a crucial role, affecting transparency, resistance, and bandgap energy of the films. Furthermore, solution-processed SnO2 films demonstrate good insulator properties, with low leakage current and high resistance, making them suitable for applications like field-effect transistors. Moreover, mixing SnO2 with ZnO in titanium dioxide thin films results in enhanced transparency, altered absorption coefficients, and changes in energy gaps, refractive index, and extinction coefficients. Overall, the concentration of solution-processed SnO2 is a key factor influencing various properties of thin films.
What is the lowest degree of hysteresis of PAAm hydrogel?
5 answers
The lowest degree of hysteresis reported for a PAAm hydrogel is 0.13% during load-unload cycles, even under 1000% strain, as demonstrated in a study by Wang et al.. This exceptional performance was achieved through a spatial confinement gelation strategy that avoids stress concentration and hysteresis by controlling the ratio of bound to free water, allowing polymer chains to slide and dissipate energy effectively. Additionally, other studies have highlighted the importance of low hysteresis in hydrogels for various applications, such as wearable sensors, strain sensors with quick resilience, and conductive hydrogels for wearable electronics with negligible hysteresis. These findings underscore the significance of minimizing hysteresis in PAAm hydrogels for enhancing their mechanical properties and functionality in diverse applications.
What is the highest conductivity of PEDOT:PSS?
4 answers
The highest conductivity of PEDOT:PSS reported in the provided contexts is 4288 S/cm, achieved in a study focusing on the fabrication of highly conductive and flexible PEDOT:PSS fibers for wearable electronics applications. Other studies have also demonstrated significant enhancements in conductivity. For instance, inkjet-printed PEDOT:PSS films exhibited a high conductivity of 1050 S/cm, while 3D-printed PEDOT:PSS structures reached a conductivity of 1200 S/cm, surpassing typical 2D-processed films. Moreover, a PEDOT:PSS composite film with 40 wt% SWCNTs achieved a remarkable conductivity of 4717.8 S/cm, the highest among composites based on commercial carbon fillers and organic semiconductors. These advancements highlight the potential of PEDOT:PSS in various applications requiring high conductivity and flexibility.
Why are portable devices important?
5 answers
Portable devices are crucial due to their innovative features and functionalities. They enhance user experience by incorporating advanced technologies like light guiding components for improved display proportions, wireless connectivity for seamless communication in videoconferencing systems, and efficient power management through contactless charging and reflective displays. Additionally, the design of portable electronic devices is optimized for user convenience, with features like multi-folding structures for adjustable positioningand integrated storage solutions for earpiece units, reducing the risk of loss or misplacement. These aspects collectively highlight the significance of portable devices in modern lifestyles, offering mobility, versatility, and enhanced functionality to users.
How to connect different type of PV module in one string?
4 answers
To connect different types of PV modules in one string, various methods and apparatus can be utilized. One approach involves categorizing the modules into partitions, generating candidate connection solutions for each partition, and selecting the optimal solution based on estimated cable use. Another method includes arranging photovoltaic module regions sequentially, with each region comprising battery strings connected to bypass diodes in series, enhancing power generation efficiency. Additionally, employing a photovoltaic converter module string with boost-buck circuits and controllers can effectively manage voltage distribution and prevent damage to bypass diodes. Furthermore, utilizing buffer pads between cells in a photovoltaic cell string can prevent subfissures and simplify the structure. By following specific arrangement modes like consistent chamfer angles during series connection and integration, a monocrystal half-piece photovoltaic module string can be efficiently assembled.