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In early glaucoma, both laser and medical treatment were cost-effective (ICERs of initial laser and initial medical treatment over observation only, were R$ 2,811.39/QALY and R$ 3,450.47/QALY).
In treatment of phakic patients with DME, ranibizumab with deferred laser provided an additional 6 letters correct compared with triamcinolone with laser at an additional cost of $19 216 over 2 years.
Laser therapy could be a safe and cost‐effective treatment modality without the disadvantages of drugs.
Noncontact laser was the mostly costly treatment option.
The laser structure is simple and cost-effective.
For patients with DMO, studies indicate that a combination therapy of IVR or IVB with laser and, to a lesser degree, as monotherapy, are cost effective relative to laser monotherapy; IVR plus laser is cost effective relative to laser plus triamcinolone; and laser combined with triamcinolone injections is reportedly more cost effective over IVR for pseudophakic eyes only.
Taking additional cost variables into account and decreasing the cost of laser delivery systems would further increase this cost differential in favor of laser therapy.
Both laser and surgery were highly cost-effective in this group.
Due to its simplicity, compactness, maintenance-free operation, and ease-of-use the presented low-cost laser is an ideal source for bio-medical applications outside laser laboratories and in particular inside clinics.
The results of IPL are similar to that of laser treatments but it offers the advantage of a relative low cost.

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How does the conversion of capacity in the metric system affect the academic performance of students?
5 answers
The conversion of capacity in the metric system can impact students' academic performance through various factors. Inadequacy of infrastructural facilities, equipment, and consumables in universities can affect the quality of outputs, even when lecturers and curriculum contents are sufficient. Utilizing data from systems like xAPI can help predict student academic performance, highlighting the importance of background diversity in learning achievements. Additionally, the ambiguity created by the bibliometric system in academia due to conflicting rules can lead to researchers being identified as transgressors, potentially influencing their work and outcomes. Therefore, ensuring adequate resources, leveraging predictive technologies, and addressing systemic ambiguities are crucial in mitigating the impact of metric system conversions on students' academic performance.
Why is important cost of transport during walking?
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The cost of transport during walking is crucial as it directly impacts energy expenditure and efficiency. Studies have shown that minimizing the metabolic cost of transport is a significant factor influencing preferred walking speeds. Factors such as step length variability and arm swing amplitude play roles in determining the cost of transport during walking. Additionally, economic valuation of the health benefits of active transport modes like walking emphasizes the importance of understanding variations in health benefits within different age groups and ethnicities, highlighting the broader implications of transport choices on public health and well-being. Analyzing the cost of transport not only aids in optimizing energy efficiency but also has broader implications for health, policy-making, and sustainability.
What is the prevalence of glaucoma in Africa as compared with others?
4 answers
The prevalence of glaucoma in Africa is notably high, with up to 50% of glaucoma patients being blind in at least one eye at the time of diagnosis. In Sub-Saharan Africa, glaucoma is considered a significant public health concern, with a substantial proportion of patients already experiencing blindness upon presentation. Additionally, the prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma is highest among Africans, further emphasizing the impact of glaucoma in the region. This high prevalence in Africa contrasts with the disproportionate impact of primary angle closure glaucoma on Asians. The data underscores the urgent need for comprehensive strategies tailored to regional variations in glaucoma presentation to mitigate the burden of glaucoma-related blindness in Africa.
What are the design considerations for creating a MEMS screech sensor?
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Designing a MEMS screech sensor involves crucial considerations to ensure optimal functionality. Firstly, MEMS technology offers micro-level electro-mechanical elements without physical movement, incorporating sensors and actuators within the chip. To enhance cost-effectiveness and usability, utilizing MEMS sensors for applications like Sleep Apnea monitoring can significantly reduce complexity and expenses, enabling home-based monitoring. Moreover, achieving high quality and cost-effectiveness in automotive and consumer applications requires an advanced design flow to ensure functionality and yield of micromechanical sensors. Additionally, when designing miniature electronic systems with energy harvesters, factors like natural frequency, neutral axis adjustment, and resistive load optimization play a crucial role in maximizing electrical output power. Lastly, incorporating structural designs to reduce damping in vibrating diaphragms can improve the signal-to-noise ratio in MEMS sound sensors.
What is is the purpose of neuroprotection?
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Neuroprotection aims to prevent neuronal loss caused by external factors. It is crucial in conditions like glaucoma, where direct and indirect neuroprotection strategies are employed to protect retinal ganglion cells and mitigate neuropathy risk factors. The brain's vulnerability to injuries underscores the importance of neuroprotection. Additionally, the brain's pivotal roles in mental processing and organ control highlight the significance of preserving its function through neuroprotective measures. Recent advancements in translational medicine have led to improved understanding of disease mechanisms, paving the way for innovative neuroprotective therapies aimed at safeguarding brain tissue from degeneration and promoting repair. This progress underscores the evolving landscape of neuroprotection, emphasizing the need for continued research to enhance treatment efficacy and broaden its clinical impact.
What are the contraindications after hip replacement surgery?
10 answers
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How important was Imperial Policing to the survival of an independent RAF in the 1920s?
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Imperial Policing played a crucial role in ensuring the survival of an independent RAF in the 1920s. The concept of 'imperial policing' was devised by Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh Trenchard, emphasizing the use of aircraft for maintaining order in colonies, which proved to be cost-effective and essential for the RAF's existence. This approach allowed the RAF to develop organization, tradition, and doctrine vital for its future operations. By using air power for imperial defense and policing, the RAF demonstrated its effectiveness in handling unrest in remote colonial areas, such as in Somaliland and the Middle East, which further solidified its importance and relevance. The combination of military action and broader reforms in counterinsurgency strategies also showcased the RAF's adaptability and significance in maintaining stability and security.
What is the current cost of Pembrolizumab for the treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma?
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4 answers
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