scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Answers from top 8 papers

More filters
Papers (8)Insight
Hence, estriol is an effective estrogen in vitro.
The results in this study suggest that progesterone may be one regulator in the local conversion of estrogen precursors into potent estradiol in normal breast tissue.
The data suggest that the catechol estrogen, 4-OHE(1), unlike 2-OHE(1), has estrogen activity.
This preparation has been for the last four decades, the most commonly prescribed estrogen for replacement therapy in estro...
It is concluded that estrone, in its own right, is a biologically active estrogen.
Our results suggest that estrogen metabolites may selectively influence estrogen-target tissues and, concomitantly, modulate estrogen-associated disease risk.
It is concluded that estrogen is th...
The favorable effect of estrogen u...

See what other people are reading

What are the levels of endogenous estrogen in men and women?
5 answers
Endogenous estrogen levels vary between men and women. In men, total estradiol levels were found to increase with age. Conversely, in women, higher levels of total estradiol were associated with a higher risk of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Additionally, high endogenous estrogen levels, particularly estrone and estradiol, were linked to a more unhealthy artery wall, indicating a potential association with atherosclerosis in both sexes. Furthermore, in women undergoing in vitro fertilization, increased endogenous estrogen levels led to reductions in cholesterol levels in VLDL and LDL, along with decreased levels of Apolipoprotein B and PCSK9, suggesting a role in modulating cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism.
Is using one cigarette enough to make changes at the brain level with a consequence of addiction?
4 answers
Using one cigarette can indeed lead to changes at the brain level with potential consequences of addiction. Nicotine, the primary addictive component in cigarettes, induces neuroadaptive changes associated with addiction. Even a single exposure to nicotine can impact brain plasticity, as seen in studies where nicotine self-administration decreased plasticity-related processes in the hippocampal formation. Furthermore, cigarette smoke exposure, whether active or passive, can cause significant pathological and neurological changes in the brain, which can be mitigated by neuroactive agents like bacoside A. Nicotine addiction, particularly in women, can inhibit estrogen signaling in the brain, making it more vulnerable to ischemic damage. Therefore, even minimal exposure to cigarette smoke can initiate brain alterations that contribute to addiction and related health risks.
How does prognostic estimation vary across different race and age groups?
4 answers
Prognostic estimation varies significantly across different race and age groups. Studies have shown that clinical datasets are often imbalanced, leading to biases in machine learning models that affect minority prediction classes and subpopulations, such as Black or young patients. Specifically, African-American women with early-stage breast cancer tend to present with more adverse prognostic factors compared to Caucasians, potentially contributing to higher mortality rates. It is crucial to address these disparities by designing specialized machine learning models for specific ethnicity or age groups, as the one-model-fits-all approach may lead to substantial errors and misleading results. By implementing bias correction techniques like the double prioritized (DP) method, it is possible to improve prediction accuracy for underrepresented subpopulations and reduce relative disparities across different demographic groups.
What is the pathologic change observed in a patient with bone injury in the knee?
5 answers
Patients with bone injuries in the knee can exhibit various pathologic changes. These injuries often result in bone bruising, which involves posttraumatic bone marrow changes like hemorrhages, edema, and microtrabecular fractures without disrupting adjacent cortices or articular cartilage. Histopathologic evaluations of bone bruise injuries detected on MRI reveal microfractures of cancellous bone, edema, bleeding in the fatty marrow, and fragments of hyaline cartilage mixed with highly fragmented bone trabecules. Additionally, degenerative changes and arthritis can occur post-knee injury, with factors like incongruity of the articular surface, malunion, and disturbed knee kinematics contributing to arthrosis development. These pathologic changes highlight the complexity and potential long-term consequences of bone injuries in the knee, emphasizing the importance of accurate diagnosis and tailored management strategies.
What is the role of testosterone in the proliferation of cholangiocytes?
5 answers
Testosterone plays a crucial role in the proliferation of cholangiocytes. Cholangiocytes express androgen receptors (AR) and secrete sex hormones, including testosterone, which act as autocrine trophic factors stimulating biliary growth. In conditions of liver injury, such as cholestasis, testosterone levels decline, impacting cholangiocyte growth. Studies suggest that sex hormones, particularly testosterone, modulate cholangiocyte proliferation in liver injury, influencing the progression of liver diseases. Testosterone administration increases the expression of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 (17β-HSD3) in cholangiocytes, promoting their proliferation, which can be blocked by anti-testosterone agents or AR antagonists. Understanding the role of testosterone in cholangiocyte biology provides insights for potential therapeutic strategies in managing cholangiopathies.
Why use 72 hour cell viability assay for HGSOC?
4 answers
A 72-hour cell viability assay is beneficial for High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer (HGSOC) research due to its ability to provide real-time, continuous monitoring of cellular processes, allowing for the detection of differential cell growth, drug mechanisms of action, and time- and dose-dependent drug effects. This assay can detect cell death immediately, analyze drug potency versus efficacy, and identify cytostatic versus toxic drug effects. Additionally, the assay can be optimized to measure compound cytotoxicity in live cells over an extended period without the need for reagent addition, providing a comprehensive evaluation of compound toxicity kinetically. The 72-hour duration allows for the assessment of compound cytotoxicity accurately and efficiently, making it a valuable tool for high-throughput evaluation of drug candidates in HGSOC research.
What is Gallic acid?
5 answers
Gallic acid (GA) is a natural polyhydroxyphenolic compound with diverse pharmacological properties. It exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-osteoclastogenesis, and neuroprotective effects, making it a promising candidate for various therapeutic applications. GA has shown synergistic effects with chemotherapeutic drugs in cancer treatment, enhancing anticancer potential while minimizing side effects. Additionally, GA has been found to inhibit osteoclast formation, prevent bone loss, and potentially treat osteoporosis. Moreover, GA has demonstrated neurobiological effects, suggesting its potential in managing neurological diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, among others. Furthermore, GA has been studied for its ability to enhance drug bioavailability, making it a valuable natural bioenhancer for improving the effectiveness of various therapeutic agents.
What are the potential causes of abdominal fat gain in women compared to the development of stretch marks?
5 answers
Abdominal fat gain in women can be influenced by factors such as estrogen deficiency leading to visceral fat accumulation, decreased fat-free mass, and hormonal imbalances like elevated cortisol levels, potentially causing metabolic abnormalities and central fat accumulation. On the other hand, the development of stretch marks, or striae gravidarum, in pregnant women is associated with younger age, significant weight gain during pregnancy, and genetic predisposition, rather than hormonal factors like estrogen or cortisol. Stretch marks involve disruptions in the elastic fiber network of the skin, leading to the emergence of thin, disorganized fibrils rich in tropoelastin, which may contribute to the laxity observed in mature stretch marks. Therefore, while abdominal fat gain in women is linked to hormonal and metabolic factors, the development of stretch marks is more influenced by genetic predisposition and mechanical stress on the skin during pregnancy.
WHO definition of osteoporosis?
5 answers
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines osteoporosis as a condition characterized by compromised bone strength, leading to an increased risk of fractures. It is diagnosed based on bone mineral density (BMD) criteria, specifically when the BMD is 2.5 standard deviations or more below the average value for young healthy women. Osteoporosis is associated with decreased bone density, microarchitectural deterioration, and high fragility, predisposing individuals to fragility fractures. The WHO emphasizes the importance of assessing fracture risk through tools like the FRAX risk algorithm, which considers various factors such as age, sex, previous fractures, smoking, and corticosteroid use to estimate the probability of hip or vertebral fractures over the next ten years. This comprehensive approach aids in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of osteoporosis to prevent associated morbid consequences and maintain patients' quality of life.
How does vibration of surgical robot impact the surgery safety?
4 answers
The vibration of a surgical robot can significantly impact surgery safety by potentially causing unpredictable deflection of bone during milling procedures. To address this, studies have proposed methods to control the depth of cut based on real-time monitoring of milling vibrations. Additionally, the use of a clamping system embedded with a pressurized air balloon as a damper can reduce the risk of complications due to uncontrolled cutting forces and extreme vibrations during orthopedic drilling operations. Furthermore, vibration signals acquired and processed during bone milling can help estimate the tool position, enhancing the safety of the surgery robot by preventing contact with critical anatomical structures. Implementing vibration suppression techniques, such as a fuzzy neural network sliding mode controller, can effectively reduce vibrations at the surgical instrument tip, ensuring high-precision and smooth motion control in robotically assisted minimally invasive surgery.
What are the two main categories of bone substitutes?
4 answers
The two main categories of bone substitutes are "ordinary" and "activated" bone substitutes. Ordinary bone substitutes lack biologically active components, while activated bone substitutes contain standardized biologically active components like growth factors, cells, or gene constructs encoding growth factors, providing pronounced osteoinductive and osteogenic properties for effective substitution of large bone defects. These substitutes play a crucial role in addressing bone deficiencies in knee and hip replacement surgeries, offering osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties to aid in bone regeneration. Additionally, synthetic bone substitutes provide alternatives to autologous and allogeneic bone grafts, reducing donor site morbidity and infection risks associated with traditional grafting methods. The classification of bone substitutes into these two categories helps in understanding their composition, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic indications for bone defect grafting and alveolar ridge augmentation.