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The selected RNA and RNA analogs were shown to neutralize RSV by interacting with the virus, rather than by adversely affecting the host cells.
Thus, we identified a previously undescribed strategy, by which RNA virus inhibits cellular transcription to escape antiviral response and secure its replication.
This process implies that a virus can trigger the host plant's RNA-silencing machinery and ultimately become the target of RNA silencing.
RNA interference is an effective means of suppressing virus replication in vitro.
These results showed that antisense oligonucleotide against the leader RNA reduced the multiplication of positive-stranded RNA virus, MHV.
One is in an insect picorna-like positive-strand RNA virus, suggesting that the ENE can counteract cytoplasmic as well as nuclear RNA decay pathways.
These findings highlight how RNA elements can selectively control transcript abundance in the background of widespread virus-induced mRNA degradation.
In conclusion, these studies established that RDR1 and RDR6 function synergistically to contain RNA virus infections through the RNA silencing-based antiviral defense.
IMPORTANCE Some RNA virus genomes are suppressed in the nucleotide combination of a cytosine followed by a guanosine (CpG), indicating that they are detrimental to the virus.
Thus, mutagenic ribonucleosides may represent an important class of anti-RNA virus agents.

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How effective is doxycycline as a protease inhibitor in treating dengue fever?
4 answers
Doxycycline has shown effectiveness as a protease inhibitor in treating dengue fever. Research indicates that doxycycline inhibits the dengue virus serine protease with an IC50 value of 52.3 ± 6.2 μM at normal human temperature, displaying concentration-dependent inhibition. Additionally, in silico molecular docking studies revealed that doxycycline binds to an allosteric site on the NS2B-NS3 protease, interacting with a significant amino acid residue, Lys74. Clinical studies have further supported the efficacy of doxycycline in reducing complications of dengue fever, showing lower rates of bleeding, plasma leakage, thrombocytopenia, and organ involvement compared to control groups. These findings highlight the potential of doxycycline as a promising protease inhibitor for dengue fever treatment, warranting further experimental and clinical investigations.
Who is José Guilherme Gonçalves‐Sousa?
4 answers
José Guilherme Gonçalves‐Sousa is not directly mentioned in the provided contexts. However, there is information about individuals named José Gonçalves in the contexts. For example, one context discusses the career of José Gonçalves da Silva, who faced property confiscation due to a law in September 1850. Additionally, another context mentions José Gonçalves Gondra, who was involved in organizing a book reflecting on educational historiography in Latin America. While these individuals are not specifically identified as José Guilherme Gonçalves‐Sousa, they provide insights into the historical and educational contexts related to individuals with similar names.
What is transcriptomics?
4 answers
Transcriptomics is a high-throughput technology that focuses on understanding RNA biology. It involves studying all RNA molecules expressed in cells or tissues to analyze gene expression patterns, identify novel transcripts, and investigate epigenetic changes within the transcriptome. Transcriptomics plays a crucial role in characterizing the transcriptome by annotating various RNA species, determining gene transcriptional structures, and quantifying differential expression levels under different conditions. This field has evolved significantly with the advent of RNA sequencing methods like RNA-Seq, enabling precise characterization of gene expression and providing insights into biological processes, human diseases, and genetic variations across species. Transcriptomics is closely linked to genomics and proteomics, forming a holistic view of gene expression and molecular mechanisms in biological systems.
Are the ZBP-1 and MAPK pathways related to each other?
5 answers
The ZBP1 pathway and the MAPK pathway are interconnected in regulating inflammatory responses and cell death. ZBP1 induces inflammatory signaling independently of cell death through RIPK1 and RIPK3, promoting cytokine production. Additionally, ZBP1 can trigger necroptosis and apoptosis, leading to inflammation. ZBP1 is crucial in tumor necroptosis, with elevated expression in advanced tumors, and its deletion blocks tumor necroptosis and reduces metastasis. The ZBP1 pathway involves the activation of MLKL in a NOXA-dependent manner, highlighting its role in regulating cell death. While the MAPK pathway was not explicitly mentioned in the provided contexts, the ZBP1 pathway's involvement in inflammatory signaling and cell death processes suggests potential crosstalk with the MAPK pathway in modulating immune responses and disease outcomes.
Why sometimes the crispr sistem recognize resolvase and not virus?
4 answers
The CRISPR system may sometimes recognize resolvase and not the virus due to the evolutionary dynamics between bacteria, viruses, and the CRISPR system. When bacteria have a low rate of deleting spacers, a parameter region emerges where bacteria and viruses can coexist, leading to a complex coexistence pattern. This coevolutionary process can alter the virus extinction probability and change the bacterial population structure. Additionally, viruses can employ recombination as a successful strategy to evade CRISPR recognition, especially when they possess multiple proto-spacers, supporting a recombination-mediated escape mechanism. The intricate interplay between CRISPR, bacteria, and viruses results in a dynamic relationship where the system's ability to recognize and target specific genetic material evolves over time.
What are the most common gene fusions in different types of sarcoma?
5 answers
The most common gene fusions in different types of sarcoma were identified through a study utilizing a custom-designed RNA sequencing panel for soft tissue sarcomas (STS). This study analyzed 92 STS samples and detected fusion transcripts in 60.2% of the samples, including novel fusions like MEG3–PLAG1, SH3BP1–NTRK1, and RPSAP52–HMGA2. Additionally, variants of ESWR1–FLI, COL1A1–PDGFB, NAB2–STAT6, and SS18–SSX were also identified in corresponding subtypes of STS. The RNA panel demonstrated high sensitivity (93.9%) and specificity (100%), leading to changes in the preliminary histology-based classification for 14.8% of patients, showcasing its potential for precise diagnosis and novel fusion detection in sarcomas.
How effective is forsythoside in inhibiting the growth of different types of microorganisms?
5 answers
Forsythoside demonstrates effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of various microorganisms. It has been found to have a specific inhibitory effect on Helicobacter pylori, showing high yield and low likelihood of drug resistance. Additionally, forsythoside A has shown therapeutic potential against Influenza A virus infections, reducing inflammatory damage and affecting the Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) signaling pathway in mouse lungs. Moreover, forsythoside has been identified as bacteriostatic for Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), inhibiting adhesion and biofilm formation on titanium alloy surfaces, indicating its potential in treating implant-associated infections. These findings collectively highlight the broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties of forsythoside against various pathogens.
What is the chain of Infection in measles?
4 answers
The chain of infection in measles involves the transmission of the virus through various stages. Measles virus (MV) primarily enters the host through the respiratory tract epithelial cells and then spreads via viremia mediated by infected monocytes. In households, measles tends to produce clusters of cases rather than scattered occurrences, indicating intra-household transmission. The incubation period of measles includes a latent phase followed by infectiousness, leading to the appearance of symptoms and removal of the infected individual from circulation. Real-time polymerase chain reaction virogene testing is crucial for confirming measles diagnosis due to similarities in clinical symptoms and antibody levels with other infections like HHV-6. Understanding the transmission dynamics and the role of different cell types, especially lymphocytes and dendritic cells, is essential in comprehending the pathogenesis of measles and associated immunosuppression.
What needs to be conciderd while culturing HFDPC?
4 answers
When culturing Human Follicle Dermal Papilla Cells (HFDPC), several factors need to be considered. Firstly, the culture environment should promote the synthesis and secretion of lipoproteins to support HFDPC growth. Additionally, optimizing culture conditions is crucial for the viability and efficiency of HFDPC culture, including dissociation and replating of single cells, freeze/thaw viability, cloning efficiency, and colony size variation. Furthermore, the isolation and purification process of HFDPC from human hair follicles should be carefully conducted to ensure cell purity and viability for subsequent experiments. Moreover, when culturing HFDPC, the choice of culture medium components, such as dextrin as a carbon source, can significantly impact cell growth kinetics and productivity. Lastly, for pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells, a method involving sequential culturing steps like suspension culturing and dialysis is essential to maintain biological activity and hereditary stability for therapeutic applications.
What is role of antibody?
5 answers
Antibodies play a crucial role in the immune system by targeting foreign bodies for immune responses. They are produced by B cells and recognize specific antigens. Antibodies have a Y-shaped structure with variable regions that bind antigens and constant regions that interact with components of the immune system. The diversity of antibodies is achieved through gene rearrangements and mutations, enhancing their ability to bind antigens. Antibodies can facilitate viral infections through antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), but they also contribute to the specific phagocytosis of extracellular bacteria. Understanding the structure, classes, and functions of antibodies is crucial in fighting pathogens and developing therapeutic strategies, such as monoclonal antibodies.
How have different mathematical models been applied to understand the dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic?
5 answers
Various mathematical models have been utilized to comprehend the dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic. Researchers have compared Verhulst’s, Gompertz's, and SIR models to describe the behavior of COVID-19 in Spain, predicting future trends by solving inverse problems and inferring posterior distributions of model parameters. Additionally, a new G family of models has been introduced to depict COVID-19 mortality data efficiently, offering continuous univariate and skewed models that may outperform baseline models. Furthermore, a mathematical model has been developed to simulate the dynamics of COVID-19 progression in the respiratory tract, highlighting the immune response's inability to halt virus progression in the early stages, leading to tissue damage. Another study focused on modeling multiple pandemic waves by reconstructing real distributions of transition rates using genetic algorithms, providing insights into the effectiveness of vaccination and the impact of different virus strains on infection rates.