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What percentage of zinc is needed in sunscreen?

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

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Journal Article•DOI Risk assessment of zinc oxide, a cosmetic ingredient used as a UV filter of sunscreens Kyu Bong Kim, Young Woo Kim, Seong Kwang Lim, Tae Hyun Roh, Du Yeon Bang, Seul Min Choi, Duck Soo Lim, Yeon Joo Kim, Seol hwa Baek, Min Kook Kim, Hyo Seon Seo, Min hwa Kim, Hyung Sik Kim, Joo Young Lee, Sam Kacew, Byung Mu Lee - Show less +15 more 16 May 2017-Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-part B-critical Reviews 67 Citations	Subsequently, the lowest margin of safety (MOS) was estimated to be 448.2, which indicates that the use of ZnO in sunscreen is safe.
Journal Article•DOI Analytical methodologies for atomic spectrometric determination of metallic oxides in UV sunscreen creams. Amparo Salvador, M. C. Pascual-Martí, J.R. Adell, A. Requeni, J.G. March - Show less +4 more 01 Mar 2000-Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 119 Citations	To our knowledge this is the first study focused to the determination of metallic oxides in commercial sunscreen products.
Journal Article•DOI Serum and semen zinc levels in normozoospermic and oligozoospermic men. Carole I. Madding, Mary Jacob, Vinette P. Ramsay, Rebecca Z. Sokol - Show less +3 more 01 Jan 1986-Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 48 Citations	Serum zinc is thought to be a reasonable indicator of zinc status.
Journal Article•DOI An Assessment of the Adequacy of Sunscreen Usage G.C. Hart, A.L. Wright, R.G. Cameron - Show less +2 more 01 Sep 2000-Radiation Protection Dosimetry 11 Citations	The study confirms previous findings that most sunscreen application is not sufficient to achieve the stated sun protection factor.
Journal Article•DOI The assessment of zinc status by the zinc tolerance test in various groups of patients. Ifor D. Capel, Edgar P. Spencer, Anita E. Daivies, Harry N. Levitt - Show less +3 more 01 Oct 1982-Clinical Biochemistry 16 Citations	The results of the present experiment indicate that the zinc tolerance test, that is, an unequivocal rise in serum zinc following per oral administration of this metal, provides the best indication of zinc status.
Journal Article•DOI Analytical methodologies for atomic spectrometric determination of metallic oxides in UV sunscreen creams. Amparo Salvador, M. C. Pascual-Martí, J.R. Adell, A. Requeni, J.G. March - Show less +4 more 01 Mar 2000-Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 119 Citations	The methodologies allow a precise and accurate determination of metallic oxides in UV sunscreen creams, where the sample treatment is less time-consuming than in the classic methods.

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