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The paper concludes that the behaviour of copper prices during the 1945–1975 period arose from the particular circumstances of the time and offers very little guidance, if any, to likely future trends.
FindingsThe estimates demonstrate that there exists a positive and significant relationship between movements in copper prices and economic growth in Zambia.
Current market prices for copper thus appear to be significantly undervalued.
We showed that our method is capable of accurately and reliably predicting copper prices in both short-term (days) and long-term (years), with mean absolute percentage errors below 4%.
The main conclusion is that world copper prices play an important role in short-term economic fluctuations.
The results identify two cycles of copper prices and price forecasts in the short term.
This result clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid predictive techniques in revealing the underlying nonlinear patterns of international copper prices.

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