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The time series pattern of our measure (PROBINF) in an intra-day analysis around earnings announcements is consistent with previous findings and with expectations regarding informed trading.
Apparently, other sources of information allow the market to anticipate the earnings report so that the variability of returns (amount of information) associated with earnings reports may be related to reporting lag.
This drives a negative association between total report lag and earnings management.
Using novel earnings calendar data, we show that firms’ advanced scheduling of earnings announcement dates foreshadows their earnings news.
Second, I posit that time should also be related to the market's propensity to use analyst forecasts to form earnings expectations.
The results confirm the earnings management hypothesis.
Finally, using earnings announcements subsequent to management forecast disclosures, we report results that suggest that management forecasts trigger preemptive information processing activities before the scheduled information events.
This paper uses a comprehensive cross-sectional and time-series sample to provide evidence that LLT enhances efficiency around earnings announcements.

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How does the level of diversification in European economies compare to that of developing economies?
5 answers
The level of diversification in European economies differs from that of developing economies. European countries, particularly Central and Eastern European Countries, show positive welfare effects of economic diversification, especially crucial for social welfare in transition economies. On the other hand, developing countries face challenges due to a slow shift away from mineral-energy complex-based development, hindering economic transformation. Developing nations heavily reliant on a limited number of commodities for exports are vulnerable to global market price fluctuations, impacting economic stability and growth prospects. In the globalized economy, a balance between specialization and diversification is essential for development, with diversification enabling specialization at the individual agent level.
How does the length of parental leave affect the gender wage gap?
5 answers
The length of parental leave plays a significant role in shaping the gender wage gap. Research indicates that longer parental leave durations result in lower wage growth for both men and women, with more severe penalties associated with taking paid parental leave compared to unpaid leave. Additionally, the unequal division of care after parenthood, influenced by persistent norms of mothers as primary caregivers, contributes more to parental leave usage patterns than physiological aspects of motherhood or financial motives. Moreover, increasing the duration of parental leave, especially for mothers, tends to negatively affect job creation and wages, leading to a rise in unemployment rates and a fall in wages in equilibrium. These findings underscore the intricate relationship between parental leave length and the gender wage gap, emphasizing the need for policy considerations to address these disparities.
The impact of country classification (developed vs developing) affect the level of earnings management?
4 answers
The impact of country classification, whether developed or developing, significantly influences the level of earnings management. Research indicates that firms from countries with higher uncertainty avoidance and individualism are less likely to engage in earnings management, with this effect being more pronounced in emerging countries. Additionally, environmental factors such as the level of development, foreign investments, and alignment of accounting practices with market approaches play a crucial role in limiting earnings management behaviors in emerging economies. Furthermore, factors like financial disclosure, legal environments, and the number of analysts following a firm are correlated with reduced levels of earnings management in frontier market countries, showcasing the diverse influences of institutional settings on earnings management practices.
What are main findings on pay in the context of work?
7 answers
The examination of pay in the context of work reveals multifaceted findings across various dimensions, including the influence of gender, organizational practices, and the broader socio-economic environment. Firstly, gender disparities in wage fairness perceptions are highlighted, with female workers in Europe perceiving their wages as unfairly low more often than their male counterparts, especially in occupations with a high proportion of women and higher levels of gender inequality. This suggests a growing awareness among women regarding unfair gendered wage distributions. The influence of national context and collective bargaining on wage adjustments is also significant. In comparing Spanish and British manufacturing establishments, differences in the importance given to factors such as the cost of living and the financial performance of the organization in wage adjustments are observed, partly due to differences in the incidence of collective bargaining. Moreover, organizational contexts, including the presence of unions and the organization of work, play a crucial role in determining work group outcomes and potentially influencing pay structures. Individual perceptions of pay satisfaction are influenced by both individual-level factors, such as pay level and satisfaction with administration, and organizational-level factors, indicating the complex interplay between personal and organizational determinants of pay satisfaction. Furthermore, the context of work, including digital resources, social relations, and local work culture, is essential for understanding office work and potentially influences pay structures and negotiations. Research also points to the consequences of pay dispersion across organizations for employee behaviors, suggesting that observed differences in pay dispersion have implications for how employees perceive and react to their pay. Additionally, when organizations frame their work in terms of social impact, job candidates may accept lower wages due to perceived organizational norms valuing intrinsic rewards over monetary compensation, indicating a complex relationship between organizational messaging and pay expectations. Discriminatory outcomes in employment processes, including pay, are more dependent on contextual factors such as recruitment procedures and the degree of formalization, highlighting the role of organizational and institutional contexts in shaping pay practices. Lastly, employment lawsuits in the US show that employers are more likely to win in high social context cases, and plaintiffs win more frequently and are awarded higher amounts in arbitration than in court trials, suggesting the influence of social contextual factors on the outcomes of pay-related disputes. These findings collectively underscore the complexity of pay in the work context, influenced by gender perceptions, organizational practices, national and collective bargaining contexts, individual and organizational-level determinants, and broader socio-economic and legal environments.
How does the creation of value relate to professor satisfaction?
4 answers
The creation of value in terms of labor market and academic outcomes is closely linked to professor satisfaction. Job satisfaction plays a pivotal role in entrepreneurial career decisions among academic researchers. Additionally, the value-added of educational institutions, particularly in English further education colleges, significantly impacts labor market outcomes and earnings returns across different fields of study. Furthermore, instructor leadership behaviors, such as servant leadership, are crucial for facilitating meaningful online learning experiences, with students' perceptions of instructor leadership positively correlating with their satisfaction with the course and instructor. Therefore, the creation of value through academic and labor market outcomes, as well as effective instructor leadership, is intricately connected to professor satisfaction.
American education revolutionary period
5 answers
The American education system underwent revolutionary changes during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Fertility rates decreased significantly, while the graduation rates of children and the involvement of wives in market-oriented work saw substantial increases. These transformations were analyzed within a unified framework, considering factors like rising wages, declining mortality, and changes in parental views on children's earnings. The period saw a shift in parental control over children's work and earnings, along with a rise in consumption shares per dependent child. This era marked a significant transition in educational, fertility, and work patterns within American families, shaping the trajectory of the education system for generations to come.
What are the different types of systematic investment plans available in the market?
5 answers
In the market, there are various types of systematic investment plans (SIPs) available for investors. One common type is the traditional SIP in mutual funds, where investors make regular fixed investments regardless of market conditions. Another popular strategy is Value Averaging (VA), which has been shown to outperform SIP in terms of excess returns, especially in sectors like consumer goods, financial services, and industrial manufacturing, with a preference for small-cap companies. Additionally, there are machine learning-driven systematic strategies that have gained traction recently, focusing on both short-term and long-term wealth building through disciplined and algorithmically driven investment decisions. Overall, these different types of SIPs cater to investors with varying risk appetites and investment goals.
People with a criminal history are more likely to be unemployed compared to people without a criminal history.?
5 answers
People with a criminal history are more likely to be unemployed compared to people without a criminal history. Studies have shown that employers are less likely to call applicants with a felony conviction, resulting in a barrier to employment for individuals with criminal records. However, it is important to note that the effect of a criminal record on employment prospects may vary based on factors such as race, crime type, industry, jurisdiction, local crime rate, and local racial composition. For men, a criminal background does not significantly damage employment prospects when considering a history of unemployment, but for women, a criminal record lowers employment chances in addition to the detrimental effects of unemployment. It is crucial to address this issue and provide support for unemployed individuals with criminal history records, as they face unique challenges that require targeted employment services.
How does the level of revenue affect the amount of analyst coverage a company receives?
5 answers
The level of revenue can influence the amount of analyst coverage a company receives. Research shows that firms with higher work-related injury rates tend to have lower levels of analyst coverage. Conversely, in the context of Chinese listed companies, higher analyst coverage is associated with increased corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance, as sell-side analysts can significantly promote CSR activities. Furthermore, a decrease in analyst coverage has been linked to an increase in toxic pollution emissions, particularly for firms with low initial analyst coverage and poor corporate governance. In a Korean setting dominated by family-controlled business groups, an increase in financial analysts is correlated with lower levels of R&D investment, indicating a potential pressure mechanism rather than an information mechanism.
How working from home works out?
5 answers
Working from home has shown various impacts and benefits across different studies. Research indicates that hybrid working from home (WFH) can lead to reduced attrition rates, increased work satisfaction, altered workweek structures, enhanced communication patterns, and even a small positive impact on productivity. Additionally, experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic have highlighted both advantages and disadvantages of remote work, with practices such as life-phase oriented working time instruments and a culture of trust being recommended for successful implementation. Studies in the Western Balkans have shown that respondents generally have positive attitudes towards working from home, with flexible hours and good earnings being key motivators, although challenges like psychosocial issues and balancing work and family obligations exist. Overall, the shift to working from home has brought about significant changes in work practices and employee experiences.
Peer pressure to personal budgeting of students?
5 answers
Peer pressure can have a significant impact on the personal budgeting behavior of students. The influence of peers can shape students' attitudes and intentions towards budgeting. When students perceive that their peers value and engage in budgeting, they are more likely to adopt similar behaviors. On the other hand, if budgeting is not seen as a norm among peers, students may be less motivated to budget. This suggests that the prevailing norm among peers plays a crucial role in shaping students' decisions regarding budgeting. Therefore, strategies that promote budgeting as a common and valued practice among students can help mitigate the negative effects of peer pressure and encourage responsible financial behavior.