scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

What year did Crown Enter the internal combustion market? 

Forest ecology
Air quality index
Projection (set theory)
Crown (botany)
Thinning

Answers from top 8 papers

More filters
Papers (8)Insight
Open access•Journal Article•DOI
Monitoring the effects of air pollution on forest condition in Europe: is crown defoliation an adequate indicator?
James Johnson, Mascha Jacob 
15 Jul 2010-Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry
17 Citations
Data from crown condition assessments indicate that stand age and country differences explain most of the variation in crown defoliation.
Journal Article•DOI
Constructing models for direct prediction of 5-year crown recession in southwestern Oregon Douglas-fir
Douglas A. Maguire, David W. Hann 
17 Jun 1990-Canadian Journal of Forest Research
44 Citations
Data from southwestern Oregon indicate that within a given stand, trees with midsized crown ratios experience the most rapid crown recession.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI
Horizontal Roll Vortices and Crown Fires
Donald A. Haines
01 Jun 1982-Journal of Applied Meteorology
52 Citations
Post-burn aerial photography indicates that unburned tree-crown streets are common with crown fire.
Journal Article•DOI
The effect of crown dimensions on transparency and the assessment of tree health
Jessica M. Metzger, Ram Oren 
01 Dec 2001-Ecological Applications
21 Citations
Both theoretical and empirical results show that crown transparency is highly sensitive to crown dimensions.
Journal Article•DOI
Predicting the Height to Live Crown Base in Plantations of Four Boreal Forest Species
RS Mc Alpine, MW Hobbs 
01 Jan 1994-International Journal of Wildland Fire
25 Citations
The greater the height of the live crown base, the more intense the surface fire must be to induce a crown fire.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI
Biomass Flow in Western Forests: Simulating the Effects of Fuel Reduction and Presettlement Restoration Treatments
Kurt Hollenstein, Robin L. Graham, Wayne D. Shepperd 
01 Oct 2001-Journal of Forestry
19 Citations
The uneven-aged regime modeled here results in the desirable conditions of low crown-fuel bulk densities but high crown bases.
Journal Article•DOI
Using stand-level optimization to reduce crown fire hazard
David Graetz, John Sessions, Steven L. Garman 
30 Apr 2007-Landscape and Urban Planning
14 Citations
Simulations show a substantive decrease in crown fires, especially active crown fires, with treatments derived from optimization procedures.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI
Investments in Fuel Removals to Avoid Forest Fires Result in Substantial Benefits
C. Larry Mason, Bruce Lippke, Kevin W. Zobrist, Thomas D. Bloxton, Kevin Ceder, Jeffrey Comnick, James B. McCarter, Heather K. Rogers 
01 Jan 2006-Journal of Forestry
59 Citations
A cost/benefit analysis broadened to include market and nonmarket considerations indicates that the negative impacts of crown fires are underestimated and that the benefits of government investments in fuel reductions are substantial.

Related Questions

How much longer will internal combustion engines be around?9 answers
When are internal combustion engines banned?9 answers
When was the 4 stroke internal combustion engine invented?8 answers
Who built the first internal combustion car?10 answers
Who developed automobiles in the United States that used the internal combustion engine?10 answers
Who invented the internal combustion engine in 1860?10 answers

See what other people are reading

What are the potential negative effects of classrooms without walls on students' academic performance?
4 answers
Classrooms without walls can have negative effects on students' academic performance due to poor indoor environmental quality (IEQ) impacting their ability to concentrate and learn. Additionally, inadequate indoor air quality (IAQ) from outdoor sources can lead to health risks and reduced cognitive function among students and teachers. Furthermore, the physical components and facilities within classrooms play a crucial role in students' satisfaction and comfort, ultimately affecting their academic performance. Studies have shown that maintaining optimal IEQ conditions, including proper ventilation and thermal comfort, is essential for supporting the quality of teaching and learning, especially in environments where classroom occupancy rates are high or outdoor conditions are unfavorable.Does developed countries pollute more compared to developing countries?
5 answers
Developed countries tend to pollute more compared to developing countries. Research indicates that in developed countries, the pollution haven hypothesis is validated in the long run, leading to escalated emissions. Additionally, ambient particulate matter pollution concentrations, specifically PM10 and PM2.5, are higher in countries with less development, with the highest levels found in Less Economically Developed Countries. Furthermore, the loose policy of dirty products in emerging countries makes them transitional places for developed countries, resulting in relatively more environmental degradation in developing countries. The accumulation of capital in developed countries has led to an excess of carbon dioxide emissions, impacting life sustainability and wealth distribution. Overall, the data suggests that developed countries contribute more to pollution compared to developing countries.How to relate forest genetic resources to Forest Reproductive Material?
4 answers
Forest genetic resources are crucial for the production of high-quality Forest Reproductive Material (FRM). The genetic diversity present in forest ecosystems plays a significant role in determining the resilience of forests to climate change. Strategies like local seed sourcing are essential for identifying genetic material that meets future climatic conditions and social demands. It is important to manage genetic diversity effectively when producing FRM to ensure successful reforestation programs. Understanding the genetic diversity of seeds through molecular DNA markers can help classify samples based on desired characteristics, aiding in the production of FRM with high quality indicators. By integrating forest genetic resources with FRM production, forest managers can enhance the adaptability and resilience of forest ecosystems to changing environmental conditions.What is the background of deforestation in Nigeria's tropical forests.?
5 answers
Deforestation in Nigeria's tropical forests, such as the Ezekoro Forest, Cross River Rainforest, and Niger South Senatorial District, is primarily driven by activities like tree logging, agriculture, urban expansion, and unsustainable practices like illegal logging and mining. These activities lead to land use cover changes, with significant reductions in vegetation cover and biodiversity loss, impacting climate regulation, rainfall patterns, and environmental protection. Poverty, population density, and trade openness also play a role in exacerbating deforestation, with over 90% of people in extreme poverty depending on forests for livelihoods. Addressing these drivers through sustainable land use practices, community-based forest management, and poverty alleviation programs is crucial to combat deforestation and preserve Nigeria's tropical forests' ecological integrity and biodiversity.What re the links between tree cover and sustainability?
5 answers
Tree cover plays a crucial role in sustainability across various ecosystems. Research indicates that the interaction between fruit trees and cover crops in orchards enhances soil quality, fruit traits, and ecosystem services, promoting environmental sustainability. Urban forest planning, based on a sustainability index, contributes to resilience against climate change by providing ecosystem services and enhancing landscape harmony, especially in areas with higher socioeconomic status. Accurate urban tree cover maps aid in managing equitable access to ecosystem services, such as air pollutant reduction, targeting polluted areas for tree expansion to benefit vulnerable populations. However, it is essential to distinguish between tree cover and forest cover to assess the conservation status accurately and develop global sustainability plans. In agricultural landscapes, the use of temporary cover crops in tree crop cultivation can control erosion, improve soil properties, and balance water management, albeit with potential yield risks that require further research and improved strategies for sustainable implementation.What is the relation between air pollution and meteorology ?
5 answers
Air pollution and meteorology are intricately linked, as meteorological factors significantly influence the behavior and concentration of air pollutants. Meteorological elements like temperature, wind speed, and direction play a crucial role in the movement and dispersion of major air pollutants such as SO2, NO2, CO, and PM2.5. Additionally, meteorological variations impact the concentration of pollutants like ozone and PM2.5, with changes in solar radiation and cloud processes affecting both air quality and weather patterns. Studies have shown that specific meteorological conditions, such as low wind speeds, temperature inversions, and regional wind patterns, can lead to the accumulation and exacerbation of air pollution episodes, highlighting the need to consider meteorology in designing effective air pollution control strategies.How has the production and use of cement evolved over time, and what factors have influenced these changes?
5 answers
The production and use of cement have evolved significantly over time due to various factors. Ancient civilizations like the Romans and Chinese utilized organic and inorganic additivesto enhance cement properties and durability. Natural resources such as stones, animal and plant glue, and bitumen were commonly used in construction. The term "cement" was first used by the Romans to describe bonding agents like lime and pozzolana. In modern times, technological innovations like the precalciner kiln have led to increased capacities and lower costs in the cement industry. However, challenges remain, as cement production contributes to CO2 and hazardous air pollutant emissions, necessitating the adoption of low-carbon technologies and environmental policies.Is the lack of proper ventilation a huge cause of respiratory disease in sub-saharan african slums?
5 answers
The lack of proper ventilation is indeed a significant factor contributing to respiratory diseases in Sub-Saharan African slums. Studies have shown that poor ventilation, along with exposure to indoor air pollution, such as total volatile organic compounds (TVO) and air quality index (AQI), is associated with respiratory illnesses in urban slum dwellers. Additionally, the concentration of cases in areas with high pollution levels further emphasizes the impact of indoor pollution on respiratory health. Furthermore, the need for better integration, validation, and harmonization of exposure data, including ventilation assessments, is highlighted as crucial for addressing the health effects of indoor pollution in resource-constrained settings like urban slums in Sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, improving ventilation and reducing indoor air pollution are essential steps in mitigating respiratory diseases in these vulnerable populations.Tourism Impact Assessment on Air Quality (AQI)?
5 answers
The impact of tourism on air quality is a multifaceted issue. Studies show that declining air quality levels in tourists' places of origin can influence travel behavior. Additionally, individuals with respiratory diseases are particularly sensitive to air pollution, affecting their travel decisions. In regions like the Yangtze River Economic Belt, air pollution has been found to negatively correlate with inbound tourism, with a 1% increase in pollution leading to a 1.171% decrease in tourists. Conversely, the relationship between regional tourism development and air quality is complex, with tourism both impacting and being impacted by air pollution levels. Furthermore, the quality of air plays a significant role in attracting inbound tourists to China, with domestic air quality having a considerable beneficial impact on the number of tourists, especially in southern China.Can agricultural practices affect the flora of forests close to agricultural fields?
5 answers
Agricultural practices can indeed impact the flora of forests near agricultural fields. Studies have shown that intensive farming practices, such as the frequent use of agricultural inputs, can lead to changes in the floristic composition of nearby forest fragments. The richness and abundance of different functional groups of tree species in forest fragments are influenced by factors like soil fertility, declivity, and fragment area, with heliophilous species benefiting from intensive farming environments while sciophilous species are negatively affected. Additionally, the increase in certain soil nutrients due to agricultural practices can lead to a dominance of pioneer species in forest fragments, indicating a concrete impact on the diversity of the tree community.Assess how tourist activities contribute to air pollution?
5 answers
Tourist activities can significantly contribute to air pollution through various mechanisms. Studies show that tourism development can lead to increased air pollution levels, with factors like high concentrations of air pollutants, such as SO₂ and PM₁₀, along with increased automobile traffic due to tourist activity playing crucial roles. The impact of tourism on air pollution varies regionally, with findings indicating a U-shaped relationship in eastern China and a negative association in central and western China. Additionally, the presence of both domestic and foreign tourists can have differing effects on emissions, where foreign tourists tend to have a negative impact while domestic tourists may increase pollution levels. Understanding these dynamics is essential for formulating effective air pollution prevention and control policies in tourist destinations.