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Using several proxies for earnings management, this study finds evidence that firms with aggressive earnings management during the pre-IPO period tend to be more underpriced than firms without it, in contrast to the dominant hypothesis that IPO firms can sell their stocks at inflated prices by manipulating earnings upwardly.
Using non-core earnings as the proxy for earnings management, we document some evidence that IPO firms that report higher pricing-period accounting performance have engaged in more income-increasing earnings management.
Our evidence suggests strategic timing of earnings release and discretionary reporting in response to relative performance evaluation.
First, the study provides evidence that diversified firms engage in real and accrual earnings management to manage their reported earnings upward.
This study provides direct evidence relating discontinuities to earnings management by comparing the distribution of restated earnings to originally-reported earnings among firms that settle accounting-related securities litigation and restate earnings from the alleged GAAP violation period.
This study provides evidence consistent with shareholders rebalancing the CEO׳s earnings incentives in the presence of earnings-based covenants, thereby tilting incentives away from earnings performance.

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What are spatio-temporal Time series?
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Spatio-temporal time series refer to data that have both spatial and temporal components, capturing how phenomena evolve over time and space. These datasets are crucial for understanding complex patterns like disease spread, where historical flu activity can be used to predict future outbreaks. Novel methodologies, such as functional time series techniques and hierarchical clustering-based machine learning tools, have been developed to model and anticipate spatio-temporal patterns effectively. Additionally, advancements like Spatio-Temporal Attention mechanisms have been introduced to enhance forecasting models by considering both short and long-term dependencies in multi-horizon time series forecasting. These approaches not only improve computational feasibility but also provide valuable insights for various sectors by uncovering hidden patterns in large spatio-temporal datasets.
In what ways does immigration benefit a country?
4 answers
Immigration benefits a country in various ways. Firstly, it boosts productivity and economic growth, with highly educated immigrants contributing significantly to these effects. Additionally, immigrants can positively impact a country's economy by increasing the population, leading to economic expansion, higher incomes for newcomers, and faster economic growth for native residents. Moreover, the presence of immigrants in the workforce can enhance the productive potential of the economy, leading to increased investment, productivity, and consumption, ultimately benefiting the host country. Furthermore, remittances from migrants in developed countries to their families in developing nations surpass official development assistance, enhancing familial spending on education and childcare, thereby contributing to human capital development and economic growth in the migrants' home countries.
Is there a positive relationship between job-related well-being and eudaimonic well-being?
5 answers
Job-related well-being and eudaimonic well-being are interconnected. Research indicates that job-related eudaimonic well-being encompasses aspects like job self-efficacy, meaningful work, job autonomy, and positive relationships. Studies have shown that a leader's inclusive behavior positively influences employees' eudaimonic well-being, with a sense of belongingness mediating this relationship. Furthermore, the perceived commitment of companies to corporate social responsibility (CSR) positively affects employees' eudaimonic well-being at work. These findings suggest a positive relationship between job-related well-being, inclusive leadership, CSR practices, and eudaimonic well-being. Therefore, fostering job-related well-being through supportive leadership and CSR initiatives can contribute to enhancing overall eudaimonic well-being in the workplace.
What are the determinants of Audit quality?
5 answers
Audit quality is influenced by various determinants identified in the literature. Factors such as audit complexity, time budget pressure, and auditor experience have been found to positively impact audit quality. On the other hand, reduced audit quality practices are negatively associated with organizational commitment and independence, while time pressure has a positive effect on such practices. Additionally, auditor reputation is a significant factor affecting audit quality, as confirmed in a study focusing on factors affecting quality control in auditing. Furthermore, factors like audit engagement tenure and auditee size have been shown to have a negative effect on audit quality, providing insights for policy formulation and audit strategy development.
How to write an introduction on impact of absenteeism from School?
5 answers
Absenteeism from school has far-reaching consequences on educational, social, and economic outcomes. Research indicates that school absenteeism is associated with adverse socio-economic conditions, hindering educational attainment and career success into adulthood. Factors such as family background, socio-economic status, and family structure play crucial roles in determining school absenteeism rates, with children from lower socio-economic backgrounds being more vulnerable. The negative impacts of absenteeism extend beyond academic performance, affecting social development, relationships with teachers, and parental involvement in education. Prolonged absenteeism during childhood can lead to lasting issues in adulthood, including school dropout, delinquency, and various social, occupational, and psychiatric problems. Understanding the multifaceted impact of absenteeism is essential for developing effective interventions to address this pervasive issue and promote positive educational outcomes.
How does the level of diversification in European economies compare to that of developing economies?
5 answers
The level of diversification in European economies differs from that of developing economies. European countries, particularly Central and Eastern European Countries, show positive welfare effects of economic diversification, especially crucial for social welfare in transition economies. On the other hand, developing countries face challenges due to a slow shift away from mineral-energy complex-based development, hindering economic transformation. Developing nations heavily reliant on a limited number of commodities for exports are vulnerable to global market price fluctuations, impacting economic stability and growth prospects. In the globalized economy, a balance between specialization and diversification is essential for development, with diversification enabling specialization at the individual agent level.
How does entrepreneurship link with access to finance?
5 answers
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How does the length of parental leave affect the gender wage gap?
5 answers
The length of parental leave plays a significant role in shaping the gender wage gap. Research indicates that longer parental leave durations result in lower wage growth for both men and women, with more severe penalties associated with taking paid parental leave compared to unpaid leave. Additionally, the unequal division of care after parenthood, influenced by persistent norms of mothers as primary caregivers, contributes more to parental leave usage patterns than physiological aspects of motherhood or financial motives. Moreover, increasing the duration of parental leave, especially for mothers, tends to negatively affect job creation and wages, leading to a rise in unemployment rates and a fall in wages in equilibrium. These findings underscore the intricate relationship between parental leave length and the gender wage gap, emphasizing the need for policy considerations to address these disparities.
The impact of country classification (developed vs developing) affect the level of earnings management?
4 answers
The impact of country classification, whether developed or developing, significantly influences the level of earnings management. Research indicates that firms from countries with higher uncertainty avoidance and individualism are less likely to engage in earnings management, with this effect being more pronounced in emerging countries. Additionally, environmental factors such as the level of development, foreign investments, and alignment of accounting practices with market approaches play a crucial role in limiting earnings management behaviors in emerging economies. Furthermore, factors like financial disclosure, legal environments, and the number of analysts following a firm are correlated with reduced levels of earnings management in frontier market countries, showcasing the diverse influences of institutional settings on earnings management practices.
What are main findings on pay in the context of work?
7 answers
The examination of pay in the context of work reveals multifaceted findings across various dimensions, including the influence of gender, organizational practices, and the broader socio-economic environment. Firstly, gender disparities in wage fairness perceptions are highlighted, with female workers in Europe perceiving their wages as unfairly low more often than their male counterparts, especially in occupations with a high proportion of women and higher levels of gender inequality. This suggests a growing awareness among women regarding unfair gendered wage distributions. The influence of national context and collective bargaining on wage adjustments is also significant. In comparing Spanish and British manufacturing establishments, differences in the importance given to factors such as the cost of living and the financial performance of the organization in wage adjustments are observed, partly due to differences in the incidence of collective bargaining. Moreover, organizational contexts, including the presence of unions and the organization of work, play a crucial role in determining work group outcomes and potentially influencing pay structures. Individual perceptions of pay satisfaction are influenced by both individual-level factors, such as pay level and satisfaction with administration, and organizational-level factors, indicating the complex interplay between personal and organizational determinants of pay satisfaction. Furthermore, the context of work, including digital resources, social relations, and local work culture, is essential for understanding office work and potentially influences pay structures and negotiations. Research also points to the consequences of pay dispersion across organizations for employee behaviors, suggesting that observed differences in pay dispersion have implications for how employees perceive and react to their pay. Additionally, when organizations frame their work in terms of social impact, job candidates may accept lower wages due to perceived organizational norms valuing intrinsic rewards over monetary compensation, indicating a complex relationship between organizational messaging and pay expectations. Discriminatory outcomes in employment processes, including pay, are more dependent on contextual factors such as recruitment procedures and the degree of formalization, highlighting the role of organizational and institutional contexts in shaping pay practices. Lastly, employment lawsuits in the US show that employers are more likely to win in high social context cases, and plaintiffs win more frequently and are awarded higher amounts in arbitration than in court trials, suggesting the influence of social contextual factors on the outcomes of pay-related disputes. These findings collectively underscore the complexity of pay in the work context, influenced by gender perceptions, organizational practices, national and collective bargaining contexts, individual and organizational-level determinants, and broader socio-economic and legal environments.
How can a QR code-based system be enhanced to improve attendance monitoring of selected grade 11 students?
5 answers
To enhance a QR code-based system for attendance monitoring of selected grade 11 students, several key features can be implemented. Firstly, integrating SMS notifications for prompt updates on attendance statuscan improve communication. Secondly, utilizing technologies like OpenCV through Python for efficient QR scanningcan enhance accuracy. Additionally, incorporating a local network-based system for attendance inputcan ensure quick data processing. Moreover, designing an Android-based QR Code application for monitoring attendance can provide easy access for parents to track their child's attendance. By combining these features, the system can offer efficient attendance management, reduce proxy instances, and streamline the attendance process for both students and teachers.