Search or ask a question

When was doping first banned in the Tour de France?

Answers from top 6 papers

PDF

Open Access

More filters

Papers (6)	Insight
Journal Article•DOI Anti-doping and athletes’ rights under EU law: four-year period of ineligibility as disproportionate sanction? Jan Exner 26 Feb 2018-The international sports law journal 8 Citations	I believe that the effectiveness of the fight against doping, the deterrence effect for athletes considering taking banned substances or using prohibited methods as well as the stricter punishment of real cheaters are logic and legitimate aims, which can justify the restriction on athletes’ rights under EU law that a 4-year period of ineligibility constitutes.
Journal Article•DOI Cultural Nuances: Doping, Cycling and the Tour de France Angela J. Schneider 01 Apr 2006-Sport in Society 60 Citations	The history of the Tour makes it clear, for example, that public opinions about doping do not always conform to the prohibitionist line that is publicly embraced by many officials, and this in itself is a matter of real social significance.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI The Tour de France and the doping issue Patrick Mignon 22 Mar 2003-International Journal of The History of Sport 68 Citations	The relationship of doping and the Tour de France is not simply one that links a demanding competition and the means employed by riders to face up to that.
Journal Article•DOI Cultural Nuances: Doping, Cycling and the Tour de France Angela J. Schneider 01 Apr 2006-Sport in Society 60 Citations	It concludes that to defend its autonomy, its values and its survival, Tour de France organizers and riders must come to really believe that if doping is the answer – we are asking the wrong question.
Journal Article•DOI Qualitative and Semiquantitative Analysis of Doping Products Seized at the Swiss Border. Christina Weber, Oliver Krug, Matthias Kamber, Mario Thevis - Show less +3 more 03 Feb 2017-Substance Use & Misuse 27 Citations	A comprehensive sample of confiscated doping products was analyzed, allowing for monitoring of developments regarding the use of doping substances in Switzerland and for anticipating future trends and challenges in sports drug testing.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Sport-Specific Use of Doping Substances: Analysis of World Anti-Doping Agency Doping Control Tests between 2014 and 2017. Millán Aguilar-Navarro, Juan José Salinero, Jesús Muñoz-Guerra, María del Mar Plata, Juan Del Coso - Show less +4 more 18 Mar 2020-Substance Use & Misuse 17 Citations	These results indicate that the groups of banned substances more commonly detected in anti-doping control tests were different depending on the sports discipline.

My columns

Related Questions

How to stop doping in cycling?6 answers

When did Anti Doping start?5 answers

When did Lance Armstrong expose doping?4 answers

When did Lance Armstrong get caught for doping?2 answers

When did the Olympics begin there has been doping since then?5 answers

When was doping first banned?13 answers

See what other people are reading

What factors contribute to academic stress among students in various courses?

Various factors contribute to academic stress among students in different courses. Internal factors such as self-efficacy, hardiness, mindset, peer competition, and low achievement motivation, as well as external factors like low social support, financial problems, and the pressure of managing academic workload, play significant roles in inducing academic stress. Additionally, critical thinking skills have been identified as a factor influencing academic stress levels among students. Studies have shown that academic stressors like compulsory school programs, examinations, heavy academic workloads, and concerns about job and career prospects contribute to heightened stress levels among students in various courses, leading to anxiety, depression, and nervousness. Understanding and addressing these multifaceted stress factors are crucial in supporting students' mental well-being and academic success.How does the concept of "Nusantara" influence business in Indonesia?

The concept of "Nusantara" significantly influences business in Indonesia by promoting local culture, economic empowerment, and sustainable practices. Nusantara Islam emerges as a counter to radical movements, emphasizing friendly and moderate forms of Islam. Initiatives like the Nusantara Tangguh village aim to stabilize economic conditions through community empowerment and support for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Businesses like PALA Nusantara integrate the archipelago's culture into products, addressing sustainability by exploring innovative ways to utilize wood waste and create value-added products. However, the Nusantara capital city project raises concerns about potential breaches of public rights and impacts on marginalized groups due to autocratic practices and lack of legal protection for indigenous communities.How to use chat Gpt to improve vocabulay?

To enhance vocabulary using ChatGPT, learners can engage in interactive conversations with the AI language model, receiving personalized feedback and guidance on medical terminology. Additionally, incorporating Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) and Triplet Neural Networks (TNNs) in a Phonics Learning Voice Chatbot (PLVC) can assist in discerning and assessing phonemes, aiding in pronunciation and vocabulary improvement. Furthermore, leveraging GPT-4 for ASR error correction can enhance conversation quality and vocabulary acquisition. ChatGPT, with its advanced language generation capabilities, can provide customized assistance, feedback, and direction, promoting autonomy and motivation among learners. By utilizing ChatGPT's features like translation, vocabulary lists, and personalized learning opportunities, students can focus on expanding their vocabulary and language proficiency effectively.What factors contribute to the empowerment process in marginalized communities?

Factors contributing to the empowerment process in marginalized communities include recognizing the complexity of their situations, sharing narratives to encourage empowerment, socio-political realities like poverty and degradation, self-empowerment processes within individuals, and the need for external support tailored to unique barriers faced by individuals. Additionally, inclusive community development, participatory governance, and respecting cultural and social capital play crucial roles in empowering marginalized communities. By understanding lived experiences, valuing community voices, and fostering inter-cultural dialogue with respect and cooperation, marginalized communities can be empowered to advocate for their rights and inclusion in society.What factors influence an individual's motivation to establish and maintain an exercise routine?

Various factors influence an individual's motivation to establish and maintain an exercise routine. Personal factors such as lack of knowledge about weight management guidance, time and resources constraints, and low self-efficacy can reduce motivation. Participation in community exercise programs can positively impact physical activity and exercise motivation, with intrinsic motivation being higher in individuals with osteoporosis and cancer. Perceptions of fulfillment of psychological needs like competence, autonomy, and relatedness play a crucial role in motivating individuals to engage in physical activity. Motivation-related research emphasizes the importance of understanding perceived barriers to exercise and providing strategies to overcome obstacles to maintain exercise habits over time. Additionally, dispositional motives, participatory motives, and regulatory motives derived from self-determination theory influence exercise participation behavior.What aspects of family, economic, and team affiliation motivation are manifested in the field of sport?

Family, economic, and team affiliation motivations play crucial roles in the field of sports. Family support, along with the influence of coaches, parents, and peers, significantly impacts athletes' motivational climate. Professional and amateur athletes exhibit different motivational profiles, with professionals emphasizing incentive motives, material benefits, and prestige, while amateurs focus on physical perfection and well-being. Additionally, the Covid-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of motivation in sports, with dimensions like 'Support,' 'Friendship,' and 'Physical health' being key factors for football players during this period. Coaches are pivotal figures in athletes' personal and sports development, utilizing intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors to enhance performance. These aspects collectively shape the motivational landscape in sports, emphasizing the significance of family, economic, and team-related motivations in athletes' success and well-being.What are the historical milestones that led to the legalization of abortion in Brazil?

The legalization of abortion in Brazil has been influenced by several historical milestones. Initially, the criminalization of popular practices by women in the 16th century, due to the rise of capitalism, led to restrictions on women's autonomy and public life, resulting in clandestine and unsafe abortion practices. Subsequent developments included the constitutional disputes on women's right to terminate pregnancies, notably the ADPF 54 decision in 2012, which redefined the right to life and balanced constitutional rights, paving the way for legal exceptions in abortion cases. Despite legal provisions for abortion in cases of rape since 1940, access remained restricted due to barriers and stigma, as highlighted in a study from 2000 to 2018 in Porto Alegre. The media's role in shaping public discourse on abortion, from attempts to silence the topic to its gradual acceptance, also played a significant part in the journey towards legalization. Efforts in recent decades have focused on promoting public health perspectives and overcoming conservative tendencies to advance the discussion on legalizing abortion in Brazil.What are the reasons for changing sexual orientation identity?

Individuals may seek to change their sexual orientation identity due to various factors such as societal transformations, interpersonal interactions, psychodynamics, and life course transitions. Some individuals attempt to resolve conflicts between sexual orientation and religious beliefs by trying to change their orientation. The experiences of individuals undergoing Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity and Expression Change Efforts (SOGIECE) can be influenced by factors like transphobia, gender-normative environments, and religiosity, leading to attempts to change sexual orientation. Survivors of SOGIECE may also feel pressured to conform to certain identities and beliefs, leading to attempts to change their sexual orientation. Overall, the decision to change sexual orientation identity can be influenced by a complex interplay of societal, religious, and personal factors.How does learning organizations impact to school?

Learning organizations have a significant impact on schools by enhancing school effectiveness, teacher outcomes, and overall organizational practices. Studies show that schools operating as learning organizations experience positive outcomes such as increased teacher job satisfaction, self-efficacy, improved school effectiveness, and organizational learning culture. Implementing learning organization practices, including a culture of inquiry, shared vision, and teamwork, can shield teachers' well-being amidst global educational challenges. Furthermore, the level of learning organization practices in schools is positively associated with human resource development, organizational climate, and information flow, emphasizing the importance of cultivating a culture of learning organization within school organizations. Schools as learning organizations also adapt to changing environments by fostering communication, supporting teachers, and promoting didactic innovation through collaborative efforts and upskilling.Does DNA testing benefit society?

DNA testing, particularly through genomic technologies like whole genome sequencing (WGS) and next-generation sequencing (NGS), offers significant benefits to society. These technologies provide valuable insights into various fields such as anthropology, epidemiology, forensic science, and healthcare, enabling better understanding of genetic contributions to health and disease. WGS can enhance newborn screening, leading to early detection of genetic conditions and personalized treatment. Additionally, NGS aids in forensic investigations, improving genetic genealogy and enhancing crime-solving capabilities, ultimately increasing safety and security in communities. Despite ethical and practical considerations, the tangible and intangible benefits of DNA testing for society, including improved healthcare, crime prevention, and scientific advancements, outweigh the initial costs and challenges.What is teory of humanism?

The theory of humanism encompasses various fields such as philosophy, criminal law, and civil rights, emphasizing the value and dignity of individuals within society. In philosophy, humanism promotes human rights, freedom, self-actualization, and autonomy. In criminal law, humanism focuses on the optimal development of society while safeguarding individual, societal, and state interests through corrective measures for offenders. Additionally, the theory of humanism in democracy advocates for peaceful coexistence, non-violent conflict resolution, and the protection of human rights and freedoms as essential components of a democratic society. Furthermore, in legal contexts, humanism underscores the importance of human and civil rights as fundamental aspects of a democratic state, guiding legal principles towards ideals like democracy, justice, equality, and individual freedom.