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When was the first combustion car invented? 

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It was shown that cylinder-to-cylinder variations present a challenge for this type of combustion.
Moreover, we find that, for the first time, a combustion regime classification map also may be used as a safety indicator.
There exists interdependency between the early combustion stage and the subsequent combustion process for direct-injection combustion.
By using this combined approach the influence of the load and the thermal influence of the combustion can be studied separately for the first time.
Based on first and second law analyses, we demonstrate that this type of combustion could theoretically have higher retained thermodynamic availability than conventional combustion.
It may be thought to offer enhanced combustion stability when compared to the lean premixed combustion systems.
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is first time that such a budget is scrutinized in premixed combustion conditions.
We flnd that the e‐ciency of cycles based on detonation and constant-volume combustion are very similar and superior to a constant-pressure combustion (Brayton) cycle when compared on the basis of pressure at the start of the combustion process.
Therefore, the highly efficient and clean combustion of CGFA was realized, and the combustion of poorly flammable fuels using a self-preheating burner was shown to be feasible.
The temperature of the combustion gas at the burner exit was 1775 K. The experimental results show that the convex burner was effective in suppressing combustion oscillation: it achieved stable low-NOx emissions of less than 10 ppm for all the test fuels.