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We find that the SMC was already forming stars ~12 Gyr ago, even if the lack of a clear horizontal branch suggests that in the first few billion years the star formation activity was low.
These findings will help to constrain the formation of massive stars.
Following the recent finding by Bastian that galaxies form, on average, 8% of their stars in bound clusters regardless of their star-formation rate, we raise the hypothesis that star formation in the present-day universe is characterized by a near-universal distribution of the local SFE.
We conclude that strong magnetic fields are generated during the birth of the first stars in the universe, potentially modifying the mass distribution of these stars and influencing the subsequent cosmic evolution.
Not only is the detection of early star-forming objects vital to understanding the underlying cause of the reionization of the universe, but the timely discovery of a z > 7 star-forming population—or even an interesting upper limit on the emergent flux from these objects—will have implications for the design of the next generation of ground- and space-based facilities.
Our results do not unambiguously answer the question of whether Leo I began forming stars around 15 Gyr ago, but it appears that the amount of this star formation, if it existed at all, would be small.

Related Questions

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When will humans land on Mars?5 answersHumans are planning to land on Mars in the 2030-40s. The government of Dubai has announced plans to create the first human settlement on Mars within one hundred years. There are vehicle designs and a mission architecture that were developed in the 1990s to send humans to Mars. Mars exploration missions in the future will focus on Mars Sample Return (MSR) and sending humans to explore Mars in late 2028 or early 2030. Current NASA planning envisions human missions to Mars as early as 2013.
When does penis growth stop?5 answersPenis growth stops at different stages depending on the age group. In children and adolescents aged 0-16 years, the length and diameter of the penis grow rapidly before the age of 1 year, grow relatively slowly from 1 to 11 years old, and enter a rapid growth period from 11 years old. In humans, the mechanism that stops penile growth is not the down regulation of the androgen receptor. Men over 50 may experience a decline in sexual potency, physical potency, and intellectual potency, which is analogous to the menopause but does not involve profound hormonal changes or loss of reproductive capacity. Progressive decline of serum free testosterone levels occurs at a rate of 1% per year after age 40, with an estimated 20% of men aged 60-80 years having levels below the lower limit of normal. Reference values for penile length in Japanese boys aged 0-7 years have been established, showing continuous growth during the prepubertal period.
When will the human race become extinct?5 answersThe human race is predicted to become extinct within several million years. Factors such as germ warfare, environmental collapse, or other unknown factors could potentially drive humans to extinction in the near future. However, if humans were to spread across the galaxy, their chances of survival would still be low. Despite this, efforts should be made to increase the likelihood of galactic colonization and resist the notion that human extinction would be inconsequential.
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But did the first signs of civilation appear?
5 answers
The emergence of the first signs of civilization can be traced back to significant environmental and catastrophic events. The mid-Holocene saw the rise of large-scale civilizations in lower alluvial systems due to changes in sea-level rise, impacting resource availability and waterway networks. Additionally, a cosmic catastrophe at the onset of the Younger Dryas period potentially influenced the development of civilization, as evidenced by symbols at Göbekli Tepe. Furthermore, the concept of civilization has evolved over time, with the term "civilization" gaining prominence in Arabic from the 1820s onwards, shaping new institutional practices and values. The notion of the 'Cradle of Civilisation' in the Middle East reflects ongoing archaeological reconstructions and research questions seeking the earliest evidence of cultural practices, highlighting the need for alternative narratives in archaeological discourse.
What are some classifications of sheep?
5 answers
Sheep can be classified based on various criteria. One classification method involves using morphometric characters to classify sheep breeds, where methods like linear discriminant analysis, artificial neural network (ANN), and support vector machine (SVM) are employed for accurate classification. Another classification approach involves behavior monitoring through wearable devices with inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors, utilizing machine learning algorithms like extreme learning machine (ELM), AdaBoost, and stacking for behavior classification of grazing sheep. Additionally, sheep can be classified based on age categories such as lamb, hogget, and mutton, with dentition (presence of permanent incisors) being a key factor in determining the age category of sheep. These diverse classification methods help in understanding and managing different aspects of sheep populations.
What are publications that discuss prompt optical emission of gamma ray bursts?
5 answers
Publications discussing prompt optical emission of gamma-ray bursts include studies on the transition between the internal dissipation phase and the jet-deceleration phase, where huge energy is released in the first few seconds powering prompt emissions. Additionally, research focuses on the properties of prompt optical counterparts (POCs) accompanying GRBs, detailing characteristics like pulse duration, brightness relative to the burst, and the differentiation between true POCs and delayed optical counterparts. Furthermore, investigations explore the detection of fast optical bursts (FOBs) as potential optical counterparts to fast radio bursts (FRBs) or prompt emissions from GRBs, utilizing novel approaches for their serendipitous detection. These publications collectively contribute to understanding the prompt optical emissions associated with gamma-ray bursts.
Where does perseus arm starts and ends?
5 answers
The Perseus Arm of the Milky Way starts between Galactic longitudes 120° and 140° and Galactic latitudes -1° to +4°, encompassing young clusters and young stellar objects. It extends outward with a width of 7.8 ± 0.2 km s−1 around the kinematic arm center, with a thickness averaging about 63 pc and a molecular layer centroid at 8.7 pc. In the anticenter direction, the Perseus Arm has been detected at a distance of 1.6 ± 0.2 kpc from the Sun, showing a surface density amplitude of around 10-14% for intermediate young stars, indicating its location within the co-rotation radius of the Milky Way spiral pattern.
What is the aperture effect with respect to flies?
5 answers
The aperture effect, as discussed in various contexts, refers to the influence of the size and proportion of an aperture on different phenomena. In the context of flies and zebra stripes, the aperture effect is related to how stripes may thwart landings of biting flies, potentially due to visual confusion or disruption of their approach vectors. In a different context, the aperture effect is explored in the context of galaxy spectroscopy, where the classification of galaxy activities can be significantly impacted by the size of the aperture used for observation, affecting the interpretation of emission line ratios and activity types. Additionally, the aperture effect has been studied in the aerodynamics of flapping foils, revealing how the presence of an aperture can alter the aerodynamic forces acting on the foil, particularly in close proximity to the ground.
How does weak scale set a lower limit for WIMP particle masses?
5 answers
The weak scale sets a lower limit for WIMP particle masses due to the freezeout of weak-scale dark matter annihilations in the early Universe, leading to the "thermal WIMP" scenario with direct predictions for the total annihilation cross-section. This scenario constrains the dark matter mass to be at least around 20 GeV for WIMPs undergoing $s$-wave $2\rightarrow2$ annihilation to visible final states. Additionally, experimental results from the CDEX-1 experiment at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory have extended the lower reach of light WIMPs to 2 GeV, improving bounds for WIMP masses below 6 GeV. These findings collectively establish a significant lower limit on WIMP masses based on the weak scale and experimental observations.
What is the reference paper for australia telescope ATCA?
5 answers
The reference paper for the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) is presented in the work by Balthasar T. Indermuehle and Michael G. Burton. This paper provides a detailed millimetre-wave site characterization for the ATCA based on extensive data collected over nearly 9 years. It focuses on the seeing monitor's measurements of phase fluctuations caused by water vapor fluctuations, determining parameters like the Kolmogorov exponent for turbulence and the millimetre-wave seeing at a specific wavelength. The study also estimates the expected observing time fractions for successful interferometry at different frequencies and antenna baselines, considering the impact of atmospheric conditions on astronomical observations. This work is crucial for understanding the observational capabilities and limitations of the ATCA for radio astronomy research.
What are the potential environmental impacts of ZDEC's carbon emissions?
5 answers
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Are hertzsprung gap stars in thermal equilbrium?
4 answers
Hertzsprung gap stars are not necessarily in thermal equilibrium. The evolution-induced envelope mixing in intermediate-mass stars off the main sequence, such as those in the Hertzsprung gap, can lead to significant surface abundance variations of elements like Li, C, N, O, and Na. Additionally, during the Hertzsprung gap phase, fast rotating red giants can develop convective envelopes and exhibit magnetic activity, indicating a departure from thermal equilibrium. Therefore, the presence of envelope mixing, abundance variations, and magnetic activity in Hertzsprung gap stars suggests that they may not be in thermal equilibrium due to the complex evolutionary processes and phenomena occurring in these stars.
How does stellar evolution depend on mass?
5 answers
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What is wavelength?
5 answers
A wavelength is a fundamental concept in various fields, including art, physics, and technology. In art, Michael Snow's film "Wavelength" exemplifies the concept through a forty-five-minute zoom shot. In physics, the wavelength of light plays a crucial role in measuring phenomena and enabling various scientific advancements through interference phenomena. Technologically, devices like wavelength measurement systems and wavelength detecting devices are designed to precisely measure and control wavelengths of light for different applications. Overall, a wavelength represents the distance between successive points of a wave, whether it's in the form of light, sound, or other waves, and its measurement and control are essential for a wide range of artistic, scientific, and technological endeavors.