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Projected reductions in the thermal resistance highlight the benefits of joining the UHTCC to Cu-clad-Mo.
Journal Article‱DOI
Xin Tong, Reid Lifset 
29 Citations
The results highlight the uneven distribution of global copper stocks and flows across countries in the middle 1990s, and illustrate the core–peripheral structure among different country groups, in which a close interconnected core exist with sparse ties to peripheral groups, and copper are flowing from the peripheral to the core in terms of net flows.
Experimental results demonstrate that the Al𝑋FeCoNiCuCr clad layer is composed of only BCC and FCC phases.
The conclusion is made that the bake-out regime allows for an effective recovery of ductile properties of copper alloys irradiated at low (150 °C) temperatures and, to somewhat lesser degree, the copper/steel joints.
Journal Article‱DOI
S.W Huang, M. Samandi, Milan Brandt 
01 Jun 2004-Wear
154 Citations
The results further show that the higher is the microhardness of the clad layers, the higher is its wear resistance.
Furthermore, the bond strength of Al/Cu clad material is seriously affected by the thickness of CuAl2.
The results provide approximate information about the effect of each selected parameters on clad geometry formation.
Journal Article‱DOI
P.A. Molian, L. Hualun 
01 Apr 1989-Wear
66 Citations
The improved wear performance is attributed to the high hardness and low friction properties of clad layers.
Most scholars have thus assumed that when copper artifacts first appeared in Northeastern North America, they arrived as finished implements or were locally made from Lake Superior raw materials.
It is recommended that nickel-sensitive patients switch to a material other than stainless, and that the stainless steel cookware industry seriously consider switching to a non-nickel formulation.
No measurable diffusion of Cu between the core and the clad has been observed, within the accuracy of measurement, indicating good stability and interface quality during casting of melted glass.
Journal Article‱DOI
P.A. Molian, L. Hualun 
01 Apr 1989-Wear
66 Citations
Results indicated that the clad layers consisted of TiN, TiB 2 , and various alloy phases.
It is now possible to select appropriate combinations of clad and core alloys to produce unique combinations of mechanical properties, forming and surface characteristics superior to either monolithic material alone.
The technology allows selection of the appropriate combinations of clad and core alloys to produce desired mechanical properties as well as forming and surface characteristics superior to either monolithic material alone.
Metallurgical studies illustrate good fusion between clad and substrate materials.
For the first time this energy-saving production technology for a clad material of this metals combination was implemented.
Taking all the factors into account, Cu(dpm) seems to yield the best films of copper metal.
Therefore, the wear performance of the NiCrAlCoW clad layer is better than that of the NiCrAlCoSi clad layer.

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Why is organic inhibitor important?
5 answers
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Experimental parameters that significantly impact friction and wear include factors like load, sliding velocity, sliding distance, material hardness, and specific wear rate. Studies have shown that these parameters play a crucial role in determining the friction coefficient and wear rate of materials. For instance, in the context of carbon fiber reinforced composites, sliding velocity, sliding distance, and load were found to have a notable influence on specific wear rate and coefficient of friction. Similarly, the experiments conducted on lubricated sliding contacts revealed that material hardness, applied load, and sliding duration affect the friction and wear behavior of the contact. These findings emphasize the importance of carefully controlling these experimental parameters to optimize the tribological performance of materials.
What is 8620 steel?
4 answers
AISI 8620 steel is a low-alloy steel known for its versatility in various industrial applications. It can be modified to enhance its properties through different processes. For instance, carburizing at specific temperatures can create a hardened surface while maintaining a softer core, ideal for heavy load-bearing components. Additionally, in-situ growth of titanium carbide particles on AISI 8620 steel matrix using TIG arcing can significantly improve mechanical properties like hardness and wear resistance. Moreover, the production of AISI 8620 steel through powder bed fusion - laser beam process has shown promising mechanical properties, meeting or exceeding ASTM standards for ultimate tensile strength, impact toughness, and elongation. Furthermore, the ball burnishing process can further enhance the microstructure, surface roughness, and residual stress of AISI 8620 steel, leading to improved properties.
How can i calculate organic matter digestibility in situ method?
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To calculate organic matter digestibility using the in situ method, initial samples of organic matter are selected without surface cracks and subjected to various treatments like cutting, polishing, and carbon spraying. The samples are then analyzed using a scanning electron microscope to determine asphalt and organic matter thresholds, carbon content, and ultimately the organic carbon content. In another study, in situ and in vitro techniques were compared for estimating organic matter digestibility, with the in situ method showing better results overall. Equations derived from in situ and in vitro methods accurately predicted in vivo digestibility of organic matter in beef cattle diets, with the in situ method performing slightly better than the in vitro method.
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Irradiation has a notable impact on the fibre content of cassava flour. Studies on cassava starch exposed to gamma irradiation showed that irradiation led to an increase in the fibre content of the flour. Additionally, research on cassava pulp and tapioca flour demonstrated that microwave irradiation significantly affected the solubilization rate of cassava pulp and tapioca flour, leading to the production of malto-oligomers from starch, which could contribute to the fibre content of the final product. Furthermore, gamma irradiation of pigeon pea flour resulted in no apparent effects on the crude fibre content, indicating that the fibre composition remained relatively stable after irradiation. Therefore, irradiation techniques can influence the fibre content of cassava flour through various mechanisms, ultimately affecting the nutritional composition of the final product.
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Current challenges in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) include porosity formation, residual stresses, cracking, heat accumulation, intricate thermal history, and rapid solidification. Additionally, issues like process complexity, lack of appropriate process planning methods, and common defects such as voids, gaps, and collapse hinder the fabrication of components with high geometry accuracy and consistent welding. Moreover, technology-specific challenges related to CAD/CAM/CNC data chains, non-planar non-parallel slicing approaches, and part orientation in the working space pose obstacles in WAAM implementation. Despite the advantages of WAAM, addressing these challenges is crucial for enhancing the quality, efficiency, and reliability of the additive manufacturing process.
How efficient is the Electrocoagulation method in removing Spent wash Colour (Distillery Effluent) from wastewater?
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Electrocoagulation (EC) has proven to be highly efficient in removing spent wash color from distillery effluent. Studies have shown that EC processes utilizing iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) electrodes can achieve significant color removal efficiencies, with values reaching up to 100%. Additionally, the use of photovoltaic (PV) cell-driven EC systems has demonstrated impressive color removal efficiencies of up to 81.3% under optimal conditions. Furthermore, the application of EC for treating synthetic textile wastewater has shown promising results, with decolorization efficiencies of up to 80% achieved by adjusting current intensities and electrolysis times. Overall, EC emerges as a robust method for effectively removing color from spent wash in distillery effluents, offering a sustainable solution for wastewater treatment.
Which characteristic can prove why nickel is active in Ni/AlOx catalyst in catalytic methane decomposition into cnts and hydrogen?
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The activity of nickel in Ni/AlOx catalysts in catalytic methane decomposition into carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and hydrogen can be attributed to several key characteristics. Firstly, the formation of a solid solution of Ni(Fe,Al)O upon reduction at high temperatures enhances the catalytic life and carbon yield. Additionally, the infiltrate mesoporous silica-aluminosilicate (SAS) support promotes Ni dispersion and interaction, leading to the formation of multi-walled CNTs via a tip-growth mechanism, which maintains catalyst activity throughout the reaction. Moreover, the NiO active species effectively distributed on the mesoporous surface of mesostructured silica nanoparticles (MSNs) contributes to the catalytic efficiency and stability of Ni-based catalysts in methane decomposition, with higher Ni loading leading to increased hydrogen yield. These characteristics collectively showcase why nickel is active in Ni/AlOx catalysts for methane decomposition.
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5 answers
Surface roughness plays a significant role in the weight gain due to oxidation. Studies have shown that higher surface roughness can lead to increased weight gain during oxidation. For instance, in the case of Armco iron substrates, the parabolic oxidation constant was found to increase with increasing roughness of the oxide layer. Conversely, reducing surface roughness has been linked to better oxidation resistance, resulting in decreased thickness of oxide scales and altered oxide growth patterns. The impact of surface roughness on oxidation behavior is intricate, influencing the growth rate of oxides and the formation of different oxide layers, ultimately affecting the weight gain during oxidation processes.