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The results show that copper has the strongest affinity to graphene among the studied metals (Cu, Ag, Au, Pt, Si), which has important implications for the construction of a new generation of electronic devices.
% of graphene, rendering this MXene based composite one of the most electrically conductive to date.
We find that most of them are few-layer graphene, although single-layer graphene can be occasionally detected.
Graphene has a unique electronic structure and excellent tribological properties.
It is important that the produced graphene has low (
Open accessJournal ArticleDOI
25 Mar 2009-Nature
121 Citations
But graphene also has properties that make it alluring for certain applications.
Such performance is higher than most graphene-based materials in the literature.
Our results indicate that the samples we characterized consisted of 3–4 layers of graphene, which should thus be more accurately described as few layer graphene (FLG).
The results show that graphene grown at 1000 °C has the highest THz sheet conductivity.
This method has the potential for large-scale production of graphene.

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What is guantum dots?
4 answers
What is the impact of biofouling on the performance of screen printed carbon electrodes in various applications?
5 answers
Biofouling significantly affects the performance of screen-printed carbon electrodes in various applications. Biofouling, caused by the adsorption and accumulation of proteins, lipids, and other substances on the electrode surface, leads to decreased sensitivity and reliability of the electrodes. Strategies to combat biofouling include using antifouling coatings based on conductive nanomaterials embedded in matrices, such as polymer/carbon nanotube composites. Additionally, modifying electrodes with materials like graphene oxide can enhance electrocatalytic activity and selectivity, crucial for multi-analyte detection in biological samples prone to biofouling. Understanding and addressing biofouling are essential for optimizing the performance of screen-printed carbon electrodes in biosensing applications.
How magnified wavelength shift of ring modulator?
5 answers
The magnified wavelength shift of a ring modulator can be achieved through innovative designs utilizing materials like few-layer graphene or operational schemes combining electrical and optical peaking. For instance, a few-layer graphene-based ring modulator can enlarge the shift of resonance wavelength up to 20.3 nm, enhancing tunability and modulation efficiency significantly. Additionally, incorporating inductor designs in the metal traces of a Si microring modulator can magnify the driving signal near the peaking frequency, allowing for tailored modulation bands with increased degrees of freedom. These advancements enable the creation of modulators with wide bandwidths, high extinction ratios, and improved performance under varying conditions, showcasing the potential for advanced optical communication systems.
How to magnified wavelength shift of ring modulator?
5 answers
To magnify the wavelength shift of a ring modulator, utilizing few-layer graphene structures can be highly beneficial. Few-layer graphene-based ring modulators offer significant advantages such as enhanced tunability, large extinction ratios, and improved modulation efficiency. Additionally, incorporating electrical and optical peaking techniques can further enhance the modulation band of a silicon microring modulator, allowing for tailored modulation with increased degrees of freedom and achieving wide and flat transmission bands over 95 GHz. Furthermore, for wavelength locking in hybrid CMOS-silicon photonics ring-based transmitters, direct monitoring of optical modulation amplitude (OMA) at the drop port of the ring modulator, coupled with temperature control through integrated heaters, can stabilize OMA under dynamic modulation at high speeds.
Why do fibres sometimes reduce strength but enhance modulus in polymers?
4 answers
Fibers can reduce strength but enhance modulus in polymers due to various factors. The increase in modulus is attributed to improved stress transfer between load-bearing elements in the fibers after polymer infiltration, leading to up to a 50% increase in specific modulus. On the other hand, the reduction in strength can be linked to defects at the ends of microfibrils, which act as mechanically weak areas in the fibrous material, drastically depressing the strength as they fail when strain concentration reaches their limit, leading to microcrack growth and bulk fracture. Additionally, the presence of short fibers in polymer composites can increase tensile strain and strength due to increased microcracking, fiber debonding, and energy absorption mechanisms, ultimately enhancing fracture strain in the composite material.
Why does D'peak appear in multi wall cnt's raman?
5 answers
The appearance of the D' peak in multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in Raman spectroscopy can be attributed to the modification induced by acid treatments, such as HCl, HNO3, and H2SO4, commonly used in purification processes. These treatments lead to surface functionalization and intercalation of the walls, altering the electronic properties of MWCNTs. The acid treatments increase the number of defects in the graphitic structure of MWCNTs, resulting in the modification of typical Raman bands like the disorder band (D band), graphite band (G band), and two-phonon second-order Raman band (G' band). The broadening effect on the G' band's line shape and the emergence of an additional peak are indicative of the enhanced defect presence in the MWCNTs due to the acid treatments.
Is the reason why D'peak appears in the raman of multi wall cnt because of edge-localized resin scattering?
5 answers
The appearance of the D' peak in the Raman spectrum of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is not primarily due to edge-localized resonance scattering, but rather it is influenced by factors such as tube diameter, length, and aspect ratio. The D' peak intensity is related to the RBM intensity and G-band characteristics of metallic and semiconducting tubes. Theoretical studies have shown that electron scattering by edges in graphene can affect Raman scattering, impacting the D peak intensity and its dependence on light polarization and excitation spot position. Additionally, surface-enhanced Raman scattering experiments on MWCNT arrays coated with Au nanoparticles have been conducted, showing distinct Raman peaks for molecules like Rhodamine6G.
How to make efficient cell for PEFC.?
4 answers
To enhance the efficiency of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), structured electrodes with optimized catalyst distribution and reduced tortuosity are crucial. Additionally, reducing Pt loading in the catalyst layer while maintaining performance is essential for cost-effectiveness. Fabricating thin catalyst layers using methods like electrospray can improve proton transport and increase Pt utilization. Moreover, integrating high-activity catalysts like IrRuOx on liquid/gas diffusion layers can significantly enhance PEMEC performance, achieving low cell voltages and high efficiency at various current densities. Furthermore, utilizing bilayer electrolytes in Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells (PCFCs) can minimize leakage current, leading to increased system efficiency when using fuels like hydrogen or methane. By implementing these strategies, the development of efficient cells for PEFCs can be advanced, addressing challenges related to catalyst utilization, proton transport, and overall system performance.
Are cadmium telluride quantum dots effective in radiotherapy?
5 answers
Cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe QDs) show promise in radiotherapy applications. CdTe QDs have been utilized in hybrid gamma sensors, enhancing sensitivity and widening the gamma harvesting range for improved dose rate response. Additionally, CdTe QDs labeled with 68Ga radio nuclide demonstrated rapid and efficient tumor targeting and imaging capabilities, making them effective in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Furthermore, CdTe QDs have been incorporated into nanostars for potentiated radiotherapy, which, when combined with checkpoint blockade immunotherapy, led to systemic tumor elimination and enhanced antitumor immunity in mouse models of breast cancer. These findings collectively suggest that CdTe QDs hold potential for enhancing the efficacy of radiotherapy through improved sensing capabilities, targeted imaging, and synergistic treatment strategies.
How does the Soxhlet extraction technique compare to other methods in terms of efficiency and accuracy?
5 answers
The Soxhlet extraction technique offers high efficiency and accuracy compared to other methods in various applications. In the extraction of bioactives from plant parts, a perforated tube-based approach showed superior efficiency over traditional Soxhlet apparatus, providing higher quantities of bioactives with shorter extraction times. Similarly, for obtaining pristine graphene, Soxhlet extraction facilitated delicate polymer removal, resulting in samples with lower residual polymer content and superior structural qualities. Additionally, in the rinsing of graphite-oxide, Soxhlet extraction proved to be environmentally friendly and economically advantageous, allowing for solvent reuse and reducing hazardous waste production. Overall, Soxhlet extraction methods demonstrate enhanced efficiency, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness in various extraction and purification processes compared to conventional techniques.
What are the list of natural and synthetic CNTs nanofiller in polymer nanocomposite for prosthetic applications?
10 answers
In the realm of prosthetic applications, both natural and synthetic nanofillers, particularly carbon nanotubes (CNTs), have been extensively researched for their potential to enhance the mechanical and thermal properties of polymer nanocomposites. Natural nanofillers such as cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) and nanofiber cellulose (NFC) are derived through acid hydrolyzing and mechanical methods, respectively. These materials offer a sustainable option for reinforcing polymers used in prosthetics, contributing to improved mechanical strength and thermal stability. On the synthetic side, carbon nanofiber (CNF) and CNTs stand out for their exceptional properties. Produced via chemical vapor deposition, these synthetic nanofillers, especially CNTs, are favored for their high thermal stability and strong structure, making them ideal for use in polymer composites intended for prosthetic devices. CNTs, in particular, have been highlighted for their ultra-strong, superconductive properties, and their ability to significantly improve the properties of polymer composites when properly dispersed. This improvement is crucial for developing prosthetic devices that require materials with superior mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. The research by Medupin et al. specifically demonstrates the application of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) reinforced natural rubber polymer nanocomposites in prosthetic feet, showcasing enhanced tensile strength, wear resistance, and energy dissipation capabilities, which are essential for the durability and functionality of prosthetics. Moreover, advancements in the synthesis and scalable manufacturing of CNTs have broadened their application in various sectors, including prosthetics, where their mechanical reinforcement capabilities are uniquely beneficial. The integration of CNTs into natural polymers like plasticized starch and chitosan has also been explored, with findings indicating improved conductive properties and better dispersibility in chitosan, suggesting potential for advanced prosthetic applications. In summary, the use of both natural (CNC, NFC) and synthetic (CNF, CNTs) nanofillers in polymer nanocomposites presents a promising avenue for enhancing the performance and functionality of prosthetic devices, with CNTs playing a pivotal role due to their superior mechanical and thermal properties.