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We concluded that the application of strain changes the organization of the collagenous matrix and alters the calcium phosphate nucleation and/or growth in the matrix.
This improvement is attributed to a better fibre–matrix interface as well as to local reinforcement of the matrix by nanofibres
Evidence is presented that it is the non-collagenous protein of the matrix that is attacked and which is important in stabilising the native fibres.
The MFI study also supports better fiber matrix adhesion.
It also indicates the better adhesion between the matrix and the reinforcing agent for modified fiber composites.
These collagen gels reproduce the relevant matrix-mechanical environment in which behavior is more representative of that found in vivo.
The results of this study also provide insight into better understanding the role of the hydrogel matrix in biomineralization.
The latter is directly related to the state of extracellular collagen matrix, which is often affected by early pathology.

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How effective are electrospinning-based nerve guidance channels in promoting nerve regeneration and functional recovery in animal models?
5 answers
Electrospinning-based nerve guidance channels (NGCs) have shown significant effectiveness in promoting nerve regeneration and functional recovery in animal models. Studies have demonstrated that these NGCs, such as conductive multiscale filled NGCs, multi-functional NGCs, and nanofiber NGCs for acetyl L carnitine delivery, enhance Schwann cell proliferation, neurite outgrowth, axonal elongation, and remyelination. Additionally, silk-in-silk conduitsand bilayer-structured nerve conduitshave been successful in promoting axonal re-growth and functional recovery in rat sciatic nerve injury models. These findings highlight the potential of electrospinning-based NGCs to provide topographical, haptotactic, and biological cues that create a favorable microenvironment for peripheral nerve regeneration, offering a promising alternative to autografts for nerve repair.
What is the remaining problems about the history effect on flow birefringence?
5 answers
The remaining problem regarding the history effect on flow birefringence lies in the insufficient knowledge of the fundamental relationships between the parameters of flow birefringence and the characteristic parameters of liquid flow, particularly in materials like aqueous solutions of Milling Yellow (NGS 1828). While studies have made progress in understanding the linear range of mechanical and birefringence responses, the dependence of birefringence amount and optical axes directions on light wavelength, and non-Rayleigh scattering, there are still gaps in knowledge hindering broader applications. Additionally, the historical influence on trade flows has been shown to persist even after controlling for standard gravity model variables, indicating a significant impact of historical factors on international trade directions.
Why bacteria still adhere on PEG gel?
5 answers
Bacteria adhere to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) gels due to various factors such as surface stiffness, polymer concentration, and hydrogel thickness. Studies show that the mechanical properties of PEG-based coatings influence bacterial adhesion, with stiffer and more concentrated hydrogels promoting greater contact and transport of bacteria along the surface. Even non-bioadhesive PEG layers can experience bacterial adhesion due to depletion interactions caused by non-adsorbing polymers in solution, leading to cell retention on the surface. Additionally, antimicrobial hydrogels incorporating PEG have been developed to combat bacterial infections, showcasing the importance of designing coatings with both antifouling and antimicrobial properties to prevent bacterial adhesion. Therefore, despite efforts to create bioadhesive-resistant surfaces, bacterial adhesion on PEG gels can still occur due to various complex interactions and surface properties.
How does the use of enzyme-responsive stimuli in pharmaceuticals impact patient outcomes?
5 answers
The use of enzyme-responsive stimuli in pharmaceuticals significantly impacts patient outcomes by enabling targeted drug delivery and reducing side effects. Enzyme-responsive materials allow for controlled release of therapeutics in response to specific biological triggers, such as enzyme expression levels in diseased states. These stimuli-responsive systems can overcome physiological barriers, enhance treatment efficacy, and improve patient compliance. By utilizing enzyme-triggered morphological transitions in drug carriers, such as peptide nanostructures, targeted drug delivery to cancer sites can be achieved, leading to selective cancer killing and reduced side effects. Overall, the implementation of enzyme-responsive stimuli in pharmaceuticals offers a promising approach to personalized medicine, enhancing treatment outcomes and patient well-being.
Discuss how pectin acts as a fat replacer and fibre in food products ?
10 answers
Pectin, a complex polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants, plays a significant role in the food industry, not only as a gelling agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer but also as a fat replacer and dietary fiber, contributing to healthier food formulations. Its ability to act as a fat replacer is attributed to its high water-holding capacity, which allows it to mimic the mouthfeel and texture of fats in low-calorie food products. This property is particularly beneficial in the meat industry, where pectin can be used to improve the functional properties of low-fat meat products, offering a healthier alternative to traditional high-fat options. Moreover, pectin's structural complexity and solubility in water make it an excellent source of dietary fiber. Dietary fibers are crucial for maintaining gut health, and pectin specifically has been shown to have health benefits, including reducing the risk of cancer. Its gel-forming capabilities, especially in the presence of calcium ions or sugar and acid, further enhance its utility as a dietary fiber by aiding in the formation of a gel-like matrix in the gastrointestinal tract, which can help in the slow release and absorption of nutrients. Pectin hydrogels, with their cross-linked and tangly three-dimensional structure, are particularly effective as fat replacers. They can swell under simulated gastric and intestinal conditions without losing their gel structure, thereby inducing satiety and potentially contributing to weight management. This ability to swell and retain water also mimics the textural properties of fat, making pectin an ideal ingredient for creating low-fat food products that do not compromise on texture or mouthfeel. In summary, pectin's multifunctional applications, including its role as a fat replacer and dietary fiber, underscore its importance in the development of healthier food products. Its unique physicochemical properties allow it to contribute to reduced-calorie formulations while maintaining desirable sensory attributes and offering health benefits, making it a valuable component in the food industry's toolkit for creating better-for-you products.
How pectin acts as fat replacer and fibre in food products ?
5 answers
Pectin, a complex polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants, plays a significant role in the food industry, particularly as a fat replacer and dietary fiber. Its ability to act as a fat replacer is attributed to its water-binding capacity and gel-forming properties, which can mimic the mouthfeel and texture of fat in reduced-fat food products. For instance, studies have shown that pectin extracted from banana peels effectively replaced fat in salad cream, maintaining the product's stability and sensory attributes while reducing its fat content. Similarly, pectin from canning wastewater has been utilized to replace fat in ice cream, resulting in a product with lower fat content but comparable sensory qualities to the full-fat version. This ability to replace fat without compromising on taste or texture is crucial for developing healthier food options. Moreover, pectin serves as a dietary fiber, contributing to health benefits such as reduced risk of cancer and improved gastrointestinal health. Its structural complexity, including the presence of various sugar moieties and degrees of methyl esterification, enables pectin to form gels in the presence of calcium ions or acid, aiding in its functionality as a dietary fiber. The gelation property of pectin, influenced by factors like molecular size, degree of methoxylation, and charge density, is essential for its role in food design, offering versatility in applications ranging from jellies and jams to low-calorie foods. Pectin's multifunctionality is further enhanced by its ability to form edible films or coatings, acting as a natural barrier to protect food products from microbial contamination. This, combined with its health benefits and ability to substitute fat, underscores pectin's importance in creating functional and healthier food products. The ongoing research and development in the field aim to optimize pectin's applications, exploring its potential in various food products while maintaining or enhancing their sensory and textural properties.
What kind of properties should hydrogels for skeletal muscles possess?
5 answers
Hydrogels for skeletal muscles should possess specific properties to support regeneration effectively. These properties include soft elastic characteristics, porous architecture, native stiffness similar to skeletal muscle (Ec = 1.3 ± 0.2‒11.5 ± 0.9 kPa), diffusion-controlled swelling behavior, erosion-driven degradability, and biocompatibility without cytotoxic effects on myoblasts. Additionally, hydrogels should mimic the biochemical composition, stiffness, anisotropy, and porosity of the native extracellular matrix (ECM) of skeletal muscles. Furthermore, the hydrogels should allow for cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation, and response to biophysical stimuli like mechanical deformation or electrical pulses. Overall, these properties are crucial for creating an optimal environment for skeletal muscle regeneration and tissue engineering applications.
How polar hydroxyl and unic bond groups prevent swelling of hydrogel in oil ?
5 answers
Polar hydroxyl and unic bond groups can prevent the swelling of hydrogels in oil by competing in hydrogen bonding interactions, thereby reducing the gelling ability of phase-selective organogelators (PSOGs). This competition in hydrogen bonding by the carrier solvent can lead to decreased gelling ability of PSOGs, as observed in previous studies. However, minimizing the amount of polar carrier solvent used can substantially enhance the gelling ability of PSOGs, rather than weakening it. Additionally, the use of hydrogels in wellbore environments, where the hydrogel composition includes polar groups like hydroxyl, allows for manipulation through environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and electronic fields, enabling the hydrogel to swell in response to specific stimuli.
Why does the EQulibum swelling ratio hydrogel decrease in the brain water reservoire ?
5 answers
The equilibrium swelling ratio of hydrogels in brain water reservoirs decreases due to various factors such as the effect of crosslinkage, temperature, and ionic strength. Additionally, the mechanical mismatch between the stiff electrode and the soft brain tissue can be addressed by using hydrogel coatings with specific elastic moduli. The swelling behavior of hydrogels is influenced by the pore sizes of the inter-polymeric network, which in turn affects the water uptake capacity. Moreover, the swelling ratio of hydrogels can be dependent on factors like brine salinity and reservoir temperature, with the swelling ratio decreasing with rising water salinity and showing a complex relationship with temperature. These combined factors contribute to the decrease in the equilibrium swelling ratio of hydrogels in brain water reservoirs.
Is the agarose gel surface porous?
5 answers
Yes, agarose gels can exhibit porous surfaces. Different drying methods, such as freeze-drying and supercritical CO2 drying, can lead to the formation of agarose-based porous structures with varying pore sizes and morphologies. Agarose cryogels and aerogels have been shown to possess macroporous and mesoporous structures, respectively, impacting their specific surface areas and adsorption properties. Additionally, agarose gel beads have been developed with high porosity, making them suitable for chromatographic applications and the separation/purification of biomolecules, including larger particles like virus particles. Furthermore, agarose crystal gel matrix particles with extra-large pores have been engineered, demonstrating high porosity and permeability for applications in biological separation and tissue engineering.
Does bentonite enter the pva.am.mba.pei.aps.amps hydrogel structure chemically or physically?
5 answers
Bentonite can enter the PVA.AM.MBA.PEI.APS.AMPS hydrogel structure both chemically and physically. Studies have shown that the addition of bentonite clay to hydrogel films improves their properties, making them suitable for various biomedical applications such as drug delivery. Additionally, nanocomposite hydrogels synthesized with nano-bentonite have shown improved tensile strength and water absorption capacity, indicating a physical incorporation of bentonite into the hydrogel matrix. Furthermore, chemically cross-linked composite gels based on bentonite clay and nonionic polymers demonstrate the incorporation of bentonite clay into the gel network structure, allowing for adsorption of surfactants and heavy metal ions through electrostatic interactions. Therefore, bentonite can both chemically interact within the hydrogel network and physically enhance its properties.