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Thus in the early postnatal occipital cortex the neurons which project through the pyramidal tract constitute a population of cells which is separate from neurons which make cortico-cortical connections, but which largely overlaps with the population of corticotectal and corticopontine neurons.
Topographical considerations and receptive field properties allowed us to conclude that the medial part of the field 7 (included type 2 neurons) is functionally equivalent to the area V4 in the cortex of primates, while the lateral part (type 1 neurons) may correspond to the area V4T.
Our findings support the view that intermingled neurons in primary sensory areas send specific stimulus features to different parts of the brain.
Our results indicate that most (96%) neurons responded to multiple phases of the task.
These results reveal concurrent representations of movement and choice in neurons widely distributed across the brain.
We show that the thalamoreticular pathway is organized topographically for most neurons.
The wiring of the brain is almost as important as the number of neurons in the brain at birth, as this will ensure the preservation of those of most use.
Observations suggest that in the human brain the proportion of medium‐sized aspiny neurons and small neurons may be greater than in other species.
Our results suggest that the coding specificity of individual neurons extends to the local circuits of which they are part.
We report a much wider distribution and greater numbers of LHRH neurons than have been previously described in the human brain.

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Is there a paper that looks at different gene expression patterns along a sensory neuron, from dendrites to soma?
5 answers
Yes, a study by Julio D Perez and Erin M. Schuman presents a subcellular single cell RNA sequencing protocol that allows for the quantification of gene expression from both the soma and dendrites of single neurons, providing insights into how local translation is regulated in different cell types. Additionally, research by Peter C. Adelman et al. utilized single cell qPCR techniques to identify transcriptionally distinct groups of sensory neurons and correlated mRNA expression levels with functional protein expression, highlighting the variability in gene expression patterns within functional subgroups along sensory neurons. These studies collectively demonstrate the importance of understanding gene expression patterns along sensory neurons, from dendrites to soma, to unravel the complexities of neuronal diversity and function.
What are the effective techniques for improving attention control in balance?
5 answers
Effective techniques for improving attention control in balance include innovative methods like the Shift-and-Balance (SB) attention mechanism, which regulates the attention branch to enhance network accuracy significantly. Additionally, deep-learning-based approaches can be utilized for balance control ability assessments, providing accurate and efficient evaluations for athletes' training performance. Manipulating attentional focus, such as directing attention externally away from the body, has shown to optimize sensory integration for postural control, leading to better balance performance and lower visual weighting. Moreover, considering the sensitivity of posture balance control to attention load alongside other factors is crucial in designing effective sport or physical rehabilitation exercises. These techniques offer promising avenues for enhancing attention control in balance-related activities.
Amygdala and cogntive functions
5 answers
The amygdala plays a crucial role in cognitive functions, emotional processing, and memory. Research has shown that structural changes in the amygdala, such as alterations in its subnuclei volumes, are associated with cognitive dysfunction. Additionally, the amygdala is involved in regulating emotional memory, mood disorders, anxiety, attention, and cognitive function, highlighting its significance in cognitive processes. Studies have also emphasized the amygdala's role in saliency detection and its impact on adaptive behavior, further underlining its involvement in cognitive functions. Furthermore, the amygdala's connectivity with other brain regions influences diverse neuropsychiatric issues, including cognitive decline related to metabolic imbalances. Understanding the amygdala's structural and functional characteristics is essential for elucidating its contribution to cognitive functions and addressing cognitive impairments associated with amygdala abnormalities.
Can the use of advanced imaging technologies improve the diagnosis and management of spinal cord compression?
5 answers
Advanced imaging technologies, such as MRI and CT, have shown promise in improving the diagnosis and management of spinal cord compression. MRI is considered the gold standard for diagnosing metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC) with high sensitivity and specificity. CT Myelogram has also been found to have comparable accuracy to contrast-enhanced MRI in diagnosing MSCC. Additionally, advanced MRI techniques, including diffusion tensor imaging, functional MRI, magnetization transfer imaging, and MR spectroscopy, collectively known as quantitative MRI (qMRI), can provide detailed insights into the macrostructure and microstructure of the injured spinal cord, aiding in the early diagnosis of degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) and predicting outcomes in spinal cord injury (SCI). Integrating MRI with somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) features has also shown potential in assisting the diagnosis and progression assessment of spinal cord compression. Overall, the use of advanced imaging technologies can enhance the accuracy and effectiveness of diagnosing and managing spinal cord compression.
What effect does attention have on neural activation in the V1?
4 answers
Attention has a significant effect on neural activation in the primary visual cortex (V1). Spatial attention modulates neuronal communication within V1, particularly in pairs of neurons with heterogeneous visual input. Attention enhances the decodability of stimulus identity from population responses evoked by natural scenes in V1. Moreover, attention in V1/V2 leads to unexpectedly large facilitation of weak target stimuli, surpassing known magnitudes of attentional modulation. Selective attention implements preferential routing of attended stimuli by increasing the influence of synaptic inputs on higher-area neurons, with attentional modulation of intrinsic V1 connections playing a key role. Attention also modulates burstiness of V1 neurons in a cell-type specific manner, reducing burstiness in neurons involved in boosting the signal of the attended stimulus.
How does the presence of APOE4 affect B cell activity in the brain?
5 answers
The presence of APOE4 is associated with metabolic reprogramming in astrocytes, brain tissue, and the whole body, leading to a decrease in energy expenditure and an increase in aerobic glycolysis. APOE4 also affects blood-brain barrier (BBB) clearance function, leading to decreased effective brain-waste clearance. Additionally, APOE4 inhibits global protein synthesis in neurons and affects NMDA activity-mediated protein synthesis response, leading to synaptic and cognitive defects. These early structural deficits impact learning by causing changes in basal and stimuli-evoked neuronal activity, resulting in impaired conditioned taste aversion (CTA) learning. However, there is no specific information available on how the presence of APOE4 affects B cell activity in the brain.
How does classical Ehlers-Danlos syndrome affect an individual's overall health and quality of life?
4 answers
Classical Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (cEDS) has a significant impact on an individual's overall health and quality of life. Individuals with cEDS experience chronic pain and have worse health-related quality of life compared to the general population. They report clinically relevant pain and discomfort, with altered somatosensory perception, including hypoesthesia and hyperalgesia. The presence of pain and altered sensory profile suggests a possible role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the development and persistence of pain in cEDS. Additionally, individuals with cEDS have significantly lower health-related quality of life in all aspects, with the physical component being the most affected. They also experience symptoms of anxiety and depression, which further contribute to their psychological distress and overall functional capacity. Understanding the impact of cEDS on an individual's health and quality of life is crucial for providing appropriate care and developing intervention strategies to improve their well-being.
What is the current state of research on using visual imagery to enhance brain-computer interfaces (BCI)?
5 answers
Research on using visual imagery to enhance brain-computer interfaces (BCI) is currently focused on exploring different paradigms and strategies to improve BCI performance. One approach is to combine multiple modalities, such as speech imaginary combined with silent reading and writing imagery, to evoke stronger features in the EEG signal and improve classification accuracy. Another area of research is investigating the impact of different types of visual feedback on the effectiveness of MI-BCI for rehabilitation. Studies have compared first-person and third-person perspectives and found no significant differences in elicited brain responses. Additionally, training strategies that combine motor imagery with sensory threshold somatosensory electrical stimulation have shown promise in improving MI performance and BCI control. Overall, research in this field is exploring various approaches to enhance the use of visual imagery in BCI systems, with a focus on improving classification accuracy and promoting motor recovery.
Dopamine axons in somatosensory cortex
5 answers
Dopamine axons are present in the somatosensory cortex, specifically in the rodent brain somatosensory cortex and the barrel neurons of the somatosensory cortex in primates. Dopamine serves as a gain-modulator and controls the excitability of neurons in a cell-type specific manner, integrating sensory and perceptual inputs within the somatosensory cortex. The distribution of dopamine axons in the somatosensory cortex is bilaminar, with dense bands in layers II-III and IV-V, and relatively few axons in layers I and IV. Dopamine synapses in the somatosensory cortex are found on dendritic spines and shafts, suggesting a modulatory role on excitatory input to pyramidal cells. The expression of the D3 dopamine receptor in the somatosensory cortex is regulated by thalamic input, and disruption of thalamic input leads to a decrease in D3 receptor expression.
What neural mechanisms underlie the integration of intention and spatial information in the posterior parietal cortex?
4 answers
The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) integrates intention and spatial information through dynamic coordination of neuronal activity across multiple brain regions. The PPC is involved in spatial processing and receives sensory inputs from various brain areas, including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the hippocampus (HPC). The PPC and mPFC are part of the association cortex and are responsible for integrating sensory and internal information to form decisions. The HPC and PPC share common spatial representations, and their coordination is likely facilitated by the theta rhythm, a 4-12 Hz oscillation associated with spatial exploration and decision-making. Additionally, the PPC has been found to conjunctively track the position of visual targets relative to the animal, providing a potential coding mechanism for the integration of intention and spatial information. Overall, the PPC, mPFC, and HPC work together to encode and coordinate intention and spatial information during complex behaviors.
How has haptic communication persuades sensorial enagament in children?
5 answers
Haptic communication has been found to enhance sensorial engagement in children. Research has shown that specific action experiences and communication experiences are shaped by the enaction of haptic designs, as well as embodied participatory sense-making. Haptic technology, such as haptic learning environments and haptic devices, provide children with tactile sensorimotor experiences that can support their embodied exploration of concepts like 3D shape. Additionally, haptic feedback in the form of a haptic vest has been shown to improve story processing and comprehension in children. Tactile-based interventions, such as massage therapy, have also been found to be promising in reducing behavioral problems in children. These findings suggest that haptic communication and interventions can play a significant role in facilitating sensorial engagement and enhancing learning experiences for children.