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Separate analyses of developed and developing countries suggest that the consistency of credit ratings differs by favoring the developed country group.
The empirical results indicate the following; (i) causality between financial development, sustainable economic opportunity and ecological footprint varies across countries with different conditions, which leads to the conclusion that SADC countries are heterogeneous in nature, (ii) for the entire panel, financial development causally affects both sustainable economic opportunity and ecological footprint, and (iii) for the entire panel, sustainable economic opportunity causally affects ecological footprint.
This analysis can be replicated for other countries of the world, adjusting their ecological balance by considering the biocapacity embodied in international transactions of land.
The domestic ecological footprint of consumption (or production) was obviously influenced by the ecological footprint of consumption (or production), income and biocapacity in neighborhood countries.
based on an empirical model where aid and injury are jointly determined, suggest that aid flows affect ecological conditions in poorer countries as well as being the result of these conditions.
Open accessJournal ArticleDOI
Luke M. Shimek, Rajdeep Sengupta 
01 Jan 2007-Economic Synopses
16 Citations
For example, countries where credit is more readily available might be more likely to create credit-facilitating institutions.
This paper may be served as an example for direct the ecological compensation in developing countries.
System GMM estimates provide robust evidence supporting the importance of domestic credit for African countries, while its role in other countries seems rather marginal.
We conclude that the average ecological footprint intensity of countries have improved significantly in the given period.
We use a sample of twelve developed countries, which improves the reliability of our estimation results and provides a global view of the situation of credit for developed countries.
However, for both countries, the differences between the ecological estimates and the survey results show a stable pattern which can be interpreted within the framework of a general logit theory.
Simultaneously, main determinants are largely heterogeneous across countries: this implies that the desirable policy response to credit inflows may differ for each host country.

Related Questions

How does green credit policy increase the proportion of green economic structure?5 answersGreen credit policy increases the proportion of green economic structure by promoting green innovation and supporting the development of green and environmental industries. It encourages heavily polluting firms to upgrade their technological innovation, reduce energy consumption, and decrease pollution emissions. The policy has been found to significantly reduce the quantity and quality of green innovation in green credit-restricted firms, mainly non-state-owned enterprises, by discouraging debt financing. However, for heavily polluting firms, the green credit policy has increased the degree of corporate diversification, which can help them overcome financial constraints and operate in industries with less environmental regulations. The policy also indirectly decreases CO2 emissions by increasing financing costs and improving technical efficiency, with non-state background companies, medium-sized companies, and companies in eastern regions being more sensitive to the policy. The positive influence of green credit policy on green innovation is more substantial in state-owned firms and in regions with high levels of green finance development.
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