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Hence, like a Trojan horse, the gene vehicle can carry warriors and weapons into enemy territory to combat the tumor from within.
Open accessJournal ArticleDOI
20 Mar 1996-Tobacco Control
24 Citations
Whatever our proffesion, behind enemy lines can be good resource for reading.
When LINEs are inadequately controlled, they can play a role in the pathogenesis of several genetic diseases, such as cancer.
These lines are of great potential for gene mapping and alien gene introgression.
These engineered cell lines enabled tightly controlled inducible gene expression both in vitro and in vivo, and proved well suited for construction of double‐stable cell lines inducibly expressing a protein of interest.
When Eastwood, as bounty hunter Will Munny, blows away Gene Hackman, as Sheriff Daggett, we don't experience the nervous thrill we have felt over the years at the gun-toting exploits of Eastwood's spaghetti westerns or his Dirty Harry pictures.
However, the residual SPRR expression in SCC lines appears to be both gene and cell line specific.
This method may be used to establish stable knockdown cell lines and may also prove useful for investigating gene-gene interactions in transgenic animals.
In 583 of the 1,173 lines, the Ds elements were inserted into protein-coding genes, which suggests that these lines are gene-knockout mutants.
Results suggest that gene identification, even in well-characterized human cell lines and tissues, is likely far from complete.

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What is a thematic literature review in AI ethics?
5 answers
A thematic literature review in AI ethics involves systematically analyzing and summarizing research papers to identify recurring themes and trends in the ethical considerations of Artificial Intelligence (AI). This type of review aims to provide an overview of important ethical principles, challenges, regulations, and tools relevant to AI applications, particularly in fields like biomedical research and biobanking. It highlights the emphasis on governance, fairness, transparency, privacy, security, human flourishing, and explainability in AI research, while also pointing out the need to address the broader societal and economic implications of AI systems. Thematic literature reviews play a crucial role in understanding the current state of AI ethics research and guiding future investigations to ensure responsible and ethical AI development.
What temperature is aragonite formed?
5 answers
Aragonite can form over a wide temperature range. Studies have shown that aragonite can be formed at temperatures as low as 1-18°C, as evidenced by clumped isotope compositions of aragonitic bivalve shells grown under highly controlled temperatures. Additionally, the transformation of aragonite to calcite during hydrothermal alteration experiments occurred at temperatures between 100-175°C, with the replacement reaction starting at 175°C after a dormant period of 4 days. This indicates that aragonite can persist at temperatures below 175°C without transitioning to calcite, contributing to the potential preservation of aragonitic structures in fossil records.
What are some of the main issues people have with chatbots?
5 answers
Users often encounter various issues when interacting with chatbots. These issues include misunderstandings due to natural language processing limitations, ethical concerns related to mental health chatbots, such as privacy and data security, limitations in chatbot functionality like failure to understand local languages or slang, and inability to resolve primary issues effectively. Additionally, the emergence of political bots has raised concerns about their negative impact on political processes, as they can be used to manipulate public opinion. Furthermore, the use of advanced chatbot technology like ChatGPT has sparked debates regarding accuracy, plagiarism, and ethical considerations in generating content, especially in critical domains like healthcare. These issues highlight the importance of addressing technical, ethical, and societal challenges associated with chatbot interactions.
How can iron oxide be used to cause hydrogen dissasociation?
4 answers
Iron oxide can facilitate hydrogen dissociation through various mechanisms. Studies have shown that iron oxide surfaces can act as active sites for catalyzing H2 dissociation, with Fe atoms serving as catalytic sites and O atoms as binding sites. Incorporating platinum species onto iron oxide nanostructures enhances the electrocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reactions, with synergistic interactions between Pt and Fe2O3 impacting electrical conductivity and electron-transfer kinetics. Additionally, the kinetics of solid-state reduction reactions in hydrogen-based direct reduction processes are influenced by mass transport kinetics, oxide chemistry, and microstructure, all crucial for hydrogen dissociation. Furthermore, cryogenic-atom probe tomography studies have revealed atomic-scale characteristics during the direct reduction of iron oxide by hydrogen gas, shedding light on the evolution of iron oxide in solid and gas phases during hydrogen dissociation.
How deep reinforcement learning based automated stock portfolio management adopts the market dynamics at a day to day basis?
4 answers
Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) based automated stock portfolio management systems are designed to adapt to market dynamics on a day-to-day basis by learning from historical data and making decisions that aim to maximize investment returns. These systems utilize various DRL algorithms to navigate the complex and volatile nature of financial markets, leveraging the ability to learn optimal strategies through trial and error without explicit programming for specific market conditions. The core of these systems involves training a model to understand and predict market movements by analyzing vast amounts of market data, including stock prices, volumes, and technical indicators. For instance, some approaches generate a fuzzy vector to describe current stock trends, which, along with other market features, serves as input for DRL algorithms. This method allows the system to dynamically adjust its trading strategy based on the evolving market environment. Moreover, DRL models are capable of handling the exploration-exploitation dilemma, which is crucial for adapting to market changes. They balance the act of exploring new strategies to find more profitable opportunities and exploiting known strategies that already yield good returns. This balance is essential for adapting to daily market dynamics and achieving long-term profitability. To enhance their adaptability, some DRL-based systems employ nested reinforcement learning methods or ensemble strategies that integrate multiple DRL models. These approaches enable the system to select the most appropriate trading agent or strategy based on the current market conditions, thus optimizing the decision-making process under different market environments. Additionally, the incorporation of model-based reinforcement learning frameworks that simulate complex trading environments and heavy-tailed preserving normalizing flows helps in better understanding and adapting to the intrinsic mechanisms of quantitative online trading. Such frameworks are particularly effective in mitigating the impact of unpredictable financial market crises, like the COVID-19 pandemic, by providing a more robust adaptation to sudden market changes. In summary, DRL-based automated stock portfolio management systems adopt market dynamics on a day-to-day basis through a combination of learning from historical data, balancing exploration and exploitation, employing adaptive strategies, and simulating complex market environments. These systems continuously evolve their trading strategies to navigate the complexities of the financial markets, aiming to maximize returns while adapting to new information and market conditions.
Who contribution of AI in molecules discovry and design ?
5 answers
Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays a crucial role in molecular discovery and design by enabling the exploration of vast chemical spaces efficiently. AI-based tools like MolFilterGAN and DarkChem leverage deep generative models and neural networks to prioritize molecules for drug development, generate novel compounds, and fill unexplored regions of chemical space. These AI systems enhance molecular triaging, accelerate therapeutic design, and facilitate the identification of promising starting points for drug discovery projects. By integrating data mining, machine learning, and advanced algorithms, AI contributes to the evolution of computer-assisted molecular design, offering efficient ways to navigate through complex chemical spaces and select synthetically accessible molecules with desired properties.
Which types of electrolyzers that can also be used as fuel cells?
7 answers
The exploration of electrolyzers that can double as fuel cells is a significant area of interest in the quest for efficient, sustainable energy conversion and storage technologies. Among the various types of electrolyzers, Solid Oxide Electrolyzers (SOE) and High-Temperature Electrolyzers (HTE), also known as Solid-Oxide Electrolyzers (SOE), stand out for their reversibility, allowing them to function both as electrolyzers and fuel cells. This dual functionality is attributed to their operation principle, where, in electrolyzer mode, they electrolyze steam or carbon dioxide to produce hydrogen, syngas, or methane, and in fuel cell mode, they generate electricity and heat from fuels. Solid Oxide Cells (SOC), including both SOE and High-Temperature Electrolyzers, are particularly noted for their ability to operate in a reversible mode as Reversible Solid-Oxide Cells (rSOC). This reversibility means that with a single unit, one can switch between generating electricity from fuels in the Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) mode and producing valuable fuels from electricity and steam or carbon dioxide in the Solid-Oxide Electrolysis Cell (SOEC) mode. Anion Exchange Membrane (AEM) technologies, encompassing AEM Water Electrolyzers (AEMWEs) and AEM Fuel Cells (AEMFCs), also present a unique case. While primarily discussed in the context of their respective roles in hydrogen production and utilization, the underlying technology based on ion exchange and electrochemical conversion processes suggests a potential for reversibility, although direct references to their use in both roles simultaneously are less explicit. Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells and Electrolysers (PCFC and PCEC) are another category where the material and mechanism for proton incorporation and conduction indicate a potential for dual functionality. These devices utilize ceramic materials that facilitate proton conduction, a property that can be leveraged in both fuel cell and electrolyzer modes, although the focus is often on their distinct applications. In summary, while SOE/HTE (including rSOC) technologies are explicitly recognized for their reversible operation as both electrolyzers and fuel cells, AEM technologies and Protonic Ceramic systems also possess inherent properties that suggest a potential for dual use, albeit with a need for further exploration and clarification in the latter cases.
Which types of electrolyzers can also be used as fuel cells?
5 answers
Anion-exchange membrane (AEM) technologies, such as AEM water electrolyzers (AEMWEs) and fuel cells (AEMFCs), are versatile in their ability to both transform and utilize renewable resources, indicating their dual functionality as both electrolyzers for hydrogen production and fuel cells for hydrogen utilization. Similarly, solid oxide electrolyzer (SOE) technology, particularly in its metal-supported cell configurations, demonstrates potential for reversible operation, contributing to energy storage and the production of green fuels, suggesting its capability to function in a dual role as well. The integration of electrolyzers (EL) and fuel cells (FC) in green hydrogen energy storage systems further supports the concept of dual-use technologies, where stored hydrogen can be converted back to electrical energy, showcasing the reversible functionality of such systems. Alkaline electrolyzers (AELs) based on platinum on Vulcan cathodes and stainless-steel anodes, optimized for high-current density operation, although primarily designed for electrolysis, could theoretically be adapted for fuel cell applications due to their high efficiency and durability. The transition from proton exchange membrane fuel cells to AEMFCs, with their compatibility with non-Pt-group metals, suggests a flexibility in component materials that could be leveraged in reversible systems. While not directly stated, the advancements in CO2 conversion and hydrogen production through water electrolysis hint at the underlying potential for reversibility in these systems, especially when considering the broader context of renewable energy integration and storage. Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) are highlighted for their high operating temperatures and favorable thermodynamics, which not only make them efficient for electrolysis but also suggest their potential reversibility for use in fuel cell applications, especially when considering their integration with chemical syntheses. The development of CO2 electrolyzers using polymer electrolyte based gas-diffusion electrodes, while focused on CO2 reduction, introduces materials and designs that could be adaptable for fuel cell operations, given the emphasis on efficient gas diffusion and electrolyte performance. Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyzers, known for their high efficiency in converting electricity into hydrogen, utilize components and interfaces that could potentially be optimized for reverse operation as fuel cells, as indicated by studies on interface morphology and transport dynamics. Lastly, the exploration of gas diffusion electrodes in CO2 reduction, with a focus on maintaining optimal local pH levels for high selectivity and efficiency, introduces design considerations that could be relevant for reversible fuel cell applications, especially in managing the electrolyte environment. In summary, AEM technologies, SOEs, and PEM systems, along with advancements in electrolyzer design and operation, suggest a broad potential for these devices to be used not only for electrolysis but also as fuel cells, highlighting the versatility and dual functionality inherent in these systems.
Can potatoes form stolons aboveground?
5 answers
Potatoes primarily develop stolons underground, originating from basal stem nodes. However, above-ground branching can also occur, especially in plants grown from true seed, resulting in a bushy appearance. In vitro plantlets of potatoes, when planted, exhibit differences in early growth and development based on their age, with older plantlets showing more above-ground leaf area and below-ground stolon initiation. Molecular signals like microRNA156 and epigenetic modifiers play a role in inducing profuse aerial stolons and tubers in potatoes under specific photoperiod conditions. Additionally, the differentiation of stolons into tubers is influenced by various factors like phytohormones, small RNAs, and epigenetic mechanisms, showcasing the plant's developmental plasticity. Overall, while potatoes predominantly form stolons underground, above-ground stolon development can also occur in certain conditions.
How does carbon capture technology impact green hydrogen production in the Gulf region?
5 answers
Carbon capture technology plays a significant role in impacting green hydrogen production in the Gulf region. Oman is actively involved in low-carbon hydrogen production through agreements with companies like Air Products, ACWA Power, and Shell, focusing on green ammonia facilities and carbon capture for enabling low-carbon hydrogen production. The region's abundant solar energy resources make it conducive for large-scale green hydrogen production, with the UAE already leading in solar hydrogen electrolysis plants and fuel-cell electric vehicle (FCEV) initiatives. Additionally, wastewater treatment plants in Oman are explored as potential sources for green hydrogen production, showcasing the integration of innovative techniques to achieve decarbonization and circular economy goals. These efforts highlight the Gulf region's proactive stance towards leveraging carbon capture technologies to drive sustainable green hydrogen production.
What does slightly alkaline environment mean for biomimetic mineralization of calcium phosphate?
5 answers
In the context of biomimetic mineralization of calcium phosphate, a slightly alkaline environment plays a crucial role. Researchhighlights that an alkaline milieu is essential for determining initial mineral precipitation and morphology, with a pH of around 8.5 being decisive for alkaline phosphatase activity and mineral formation. Additionally, studiesemphasize that an alkaline pH promotes the formation of substituted hydroxyapatite (HAP) by incorporating ions like CO32− and F− into the lattice structure. This alkaline environment not only influences the mineralization process but also affects the efficiency and outcomes of biomimetic mineralization methods. Therefore, maintaining a slightly alkaline environment is vital for successful biomimetic mineralization of calcium phosphate, ensuring proper crystal formation and structural integrity.