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We expect that the cost-effective and facile technique could be applied for cold cathode based x-ray tube manufacturing process.
It is probable that within this generation the cathode ray tube will be of only historical interest, having most likely been replaced by solid state display devices.
The yield of X-ray is small in the case of sharp-edged razor blade cathode than the sewing machine needle cathode.
Abundantly available discarded cathode ray tubes are a serious threat to the environment and loss to resource conservation and therefore requiring immediate recycling efforts.
For reduction of the volume of cathode ray tubes, the design of the glass geometry, especially funnel geometry, is essential while maintaining the internal vacuum pressure of the cathode ray tube.
The cathode described is expected to meet most, if not all, over the demands for high-resolution, high-brightness CRT displays as well as the low-cost, high-performance demands of traveling-wave tubes.
We propose a new kind of cathode-ray tube, namely, the thermal-transmission cathode-ray tube (TTCRT).
It is expected that the improved cathode-ray tubes and techniques developed during the past few years, many of which have not yet been publicly described, will be applied to laboratory and production equipment as well as to television transmission and reception.
The described method can be used to create the anode of powerful x-ray tubes for medical purposes, in particular, a computer tomograph (CT).
This method is useful for applications, such as field-emission lamps and x-ray tubes, which do not require nanofabricated cathode structures.
Our results demonstrated the feasibility of a fully addressable cold cathode flat-panel x-ray source.
Journal ArticleDOI
75 Citations
This x-ray tube provides clear x-ray images.
Results show that the cathode supported tubular design may have future promise.
Initial tubes are mainly AA6063 extrusions of 63.5mm O. D.
This film is applicable for cathode ray tubes (CRTs).
Obtained results have great practical value for design of cathode-ray equipment.
This strategy opens new insights into the development of advanced cathode materials.

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What kind of componentes are from argyrodite electrolyte expose to air?
4 answers
When argyrodite electrolytes are exposed to air, they face challenges related to air stability and performance degradation. These components are known to suffer from issues such as decreased ionic conductivity, generation of toxic gases like H2S, and structural instability when exposed to moisture in the air. To address these concerns, researchers have explored various strategies, including the addition of excess iodine, Bi and O co-doping, and modification of chalcogen chemistry. These modifications have led to improved air stability, enhanced ionic conductivity, and better compatibility with lithium anodes and high-voltage cathodes. The advancements in argyrodite electrolytes aim to overcome the challenges associated with exposure to air, making them more suitable for practical applications in solid-state batteries.
What kind of components are from argyrodite electrolyte expose to air?
5 answers
When argyrodite electrolytes are exposed to air, the components such as iodine, bismuth, oxygen, and chlorine play crucial roles in enhancing the stability and performance of the solid electrolytes. Iodine is added in excess to improve air stability and electrochemical performance, resulting in higher ionic conductivity and lower activation energy. Bismuth and oxygen co-doping in argyrodite electrolytes lead to ultrahigh ionic conductivity and excellent air stability, with the formation of Li-Bi alloy aiding in reducing Li+ diffusion energy barriers. Modification of chalcogen chemistry in argyrodite sulfides results in improved electrochemical compatibility with electrodes, stability to oxygen and humidity, and the formation of beneficial electrolyte-electrode interphases. These components collectively contribute to the enhanced stability and performance of argyrodite electrolytes when exposed to air.
How does hcl help doping and affect morphology in NMC syntheis?
5 answers
HCl plays a crucial role in doping and morphology control during NMC synthesis. In the context of silicon nanowires, the introduction of HCl during doping significantly improves surface morphology, resulting in smoother surfaces and reduced tapering. Similarly, in polyaniline thin films, HCl doping influences morphology, with SEM showing irregular granular structures. Furthermore, in NMC cathode materials, elemental doping with lithium halide salts, such as LiBr or LiCl, enhances capacity retention and rate performance by affecting cathode porosity and surface morphology. These findings highlight the importance of HCl in doping processes, showcasing its impact on morphology and performance improvements in various material systems.
How does hcl help doping of transition metals and affect morphology in NMC syntheis?
5 answers
HCl plays a crucial role in doping transition metals and influencing morphology in various synthesis processes. In the context of NMC cathode materials, the addition of lithium halide salts, such as LiBr or LiCl, during calcination leads to effective doping with halogens like Br, Cl, or F, significantly impacting lithiation processes and cathode properties. Similarly, in the growth of silicon nanowires, the introduction of HCl during in situ doping results in improved surface morphology, reduced tapering, and enhanced dopant incorporation efficiency, leading to smoother surfaces and minimal wire diameter variations. Additionally, in the epitaxial growth of 4H-SiC, HCl-assisted growth enhances surface morphology and growth rates by facilitating silicon cluster etching, demonstrating the importance of HCl in morphology control during doping processes.
What is mass loading for supercapacitor?
5 answers
Mass loading in supercapacitors refers to the amount of active material that is loaded onto the electrode surface, impacting the energy density and performance of the device. High mass loading is crucial for enhancing the energy and power densities of supercapacitors. Various studies have focused on achieving high mass loading of active species without compromising ion diffusion. For instance, the fabrication of high mass-loading electrodes using materials like nickel-cobalt layered double hydroxide has shown promising results in terms of capacitance and performance. Additionally, the utilization of biomass-based porous carbon with tunable nano/microstructures has been explored to achieve high mass-loading electrodes for supercapacitors, emphasizing the importance of electrode design and material selection. Ultimately, optimizing mass loading is essential for improving the overall efficiency and practical applications of supercapacitors.
What is patterned blade casting of thicker electrodes?
4 answers
Patterned blade casting of thicker electrodes, as discussed in the provided research contexts, involves a novel fabrication process known as µ-casting. This technique enables the creation of ultrathick and 3D structured electrodes for lithium-ion batteries, addressing challenges such as limited charge transport and mechanical stress generation in thick electrodes. By utilizing a patterned blade, the µ-casting method allows for the easy production of electrodes with a short diffusion path structure, minimizing intercalation-induced stress and enhancing energy density and long-term stability. The process facilitates the utilization of high-mass loading, achieving increased specific and areal capacities, improved C-rate performance, and extended cycle life compared to conventional thick electrodes.
What are the different design techniques for creating slow wave structures with optimized dielectric properties for specific applications?
5 answers
Various design techniques have been proposed for creating optimized slow wave structures (SWS) with tailored dielectric properties for specific applications. One approach involves utilizing planar helix structures with straight-edge connections, operating in the K-band with low cathodic voltage, offering gains of 35dB and saturated output power of 5.5W at 20GHz. Another method focuses on 2D planar microstrip SWS on dielectric substrates, enabling low-voltage operation and compact device sizes through high slow-wave factors, fabricated using cost-effective technologies like magnetron sputtering and laser ablation. Additionally, three-dimensional dielectric structures with air-filled holes have been designed for efficient backscattering reduction, achieving up to 37 dB reduction in backscattering from metal plates through optimization using genetic algorithms and the multilevel fast multipole algorithm.
How analyze cathode materials using laser desorption ionization?
5 answers
Analyzing cathode materials using laser desorption ionization involves various techniques. One method utilizes a laser desorption electrospray ionization source, where sample molecules are provided for spectral analysis through an ion transfer tube connected to a mass spectrometer. Another approach involves nanosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (ns-LIBS) for depth-resolved concentration measurements of cathodes, particularly in Li-Ion batteries, to detect manufacturing faults and irregularities early in the production process. Additionally, a mass analytical method utilizes laser light to ionize analyzing target materials spread on an inorganic substrate, allowing for the detection of materials with significant mass, such as cathode components like carbon, nickel, manganese, cobalt, lithium, and aluminum. These techniques offer insights into the composition and characteristics of cathode materials through laser-based ionization methods.
How is Altitude hypoxia training performed in aircrew?
5 answers
Altitude hypoxia training in aircrew is crucial for recognizing and managing hypoxia symptoms effectively. Various methods are employed for this training, including traditional hypobaric chamber training, Reduced Oxygen Breathing Device (ROBD), and Combined Altitude and Oxygen Depleted (CADO) paradigm. New technologies like electrochemical cells with a mask have been developed for hypoxia training, where oxygen is removed from ambient air to simulate hypoxic conditions. Studies have shown that hypoxia training enhances early identification of in-flight hypoxia symptoms, leading to timely corrective actions and preventing catastrophic events in the air. Different aircrew groups may respond differently to hypoxia exposure, emphasizing the need for tailored training to improve psychophysiological responses and cognitive functions in preparation for hypoxic threats.
Comparing different types of photodiode based on I-V characterstics??
5 answers
Various types of photodiodes exhibit distinct I-V characteristics based on their design and materials. Silicon-based photodiodes with different topologies show varying responses to incident light, with the ring-like structure proving most effective in generating cathode current. The Al/CRNNW/n-Si device, incorporating a coronene nanowire interlayer, displays rectifying behavior with changing light intensities. Silicon-based p$^{+\, }$type, intrinsic, n$^{-}$ type (Si-PIN) photodiodes demonstrate improved performance for optoelectronics applications, with enhanced quantum efficiency and spectral responsivity. A comparison between Silicon and InGaAs PIN Photodiodes highlights the practicality and advantages of PIN structures in photodetection and RF applications. Additionally, investigation into CMOS PIN Photodiodes emphasizes the influence of intrinsic layer thickness on I-V characteristics, crucial for optimizing device performance.
Any types of bi-directional reversible electrolyzers?
5 answers
Bi-directional reversible electrolyzers are innovative devices capable of performing dual functions: electrolysis to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water, and fuel cell operations to generate electricity from hydrogen and oxygen. These systems are pivotal for energy storage and conversion, particularly in the context of renewable energy sources. Various types of bi-directional reversible electrolyzers have been developed, each with unique mechanisms and materials that enhance their efficiency, stability, and overall performance. One notable example is the solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs), which can operate both as fuel cells and electrolyzers. These systems take advantage of excess electrical grid capacity during off-peak hours to produce hydrogen, which can then be used during peak demand periods. The integration of proton-conducting reversible solid oxide cells further enhances efficiency by enabling efficient conversion between electricity and chemical fuels without the trade-off between conductivity and stability typically seen in state-of-the-art proton conductors. Another innovative approach involves the use of a Pb-Pd alloy system in a single device that combines the functions of a CO2 electrolyzer and a formate fuel cell. This catalyst can reversibly restructure its phase, composition, and morphology under controlled electrochemical conditions, allowing for the rapid, reversible, and stable interconversion between CO2 and formate over a single catalyst electrode. Additionally, the development of non-precious, two-phase bifunctional oxygen reduction and evolution electrocatalysts offers a promising solution for oxygen electrodes in unitized reversible fuel cell/electrolyzers or rechargeable metal–air batteries. These catalysts demonstrate exceptional catalytic reactivity and stability, making them competitive with the state-of-the-art combination of iridium and platinum. Moreover, advancements in electrochromic devices and multi-input dc-dc converters interfaced with energy storage elements highlight the versatility and potential of bi-directional reversible systems in various applications. These include energy-efficient electrochromic devices capable of reversible transformations and high-power-density converters that facilitate bi-directional power flow. In summary, bi-directional reversible electrolyzers represent a critical advancement in energy technology, offering versatile solutions for energy conversion and storage. Through innovative materials and mechanisms, these systems are poised to play a significant role in the deployment of renewable energies and the efficient use of electrical grids.