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The paper, however, argues that some of the factors that have kept prices down historically, notably economies of scale, low-cost energy and the opening out of new mineral provinces, may be losing their force, and even going into reverse.
The main conclusion is that world copper prices play an important role in short-term economic fluctuations.
It was found that the recovery rates of copper scrap have risen with the increase in copper price, especially after 2003.
We demonstrate that global resources of copper, and probably of most other metals, are much larger than most currently available estimates, especially if increasing efficiencies and higher prices allow lower-grade ores to be mined.
The results show that, although the fundamentals are relevant in all the periods analyzed, liquidity and other macroeconomic variables are also necessary in order to understand the level of copper prices and their fluctuations.
Current market prices for copper thus appear to be significantly undervalued.
This is because of large amount of export scrap and high recovery costs.
Using an econometric model, the paper shows that old scrap stocks, which have contributed most of the increase in available old copper scrap over the years, have a very modest impact on secondary production.
The results show that the amount of generated copper scrap has been increasing from 1990 and reached 3.67 Tg in 2016, with 34.4% from the home appliances sector (mainly air-conditioning) and 26.6% from the power infrastructure sector.
Book ChapterDOI
Caisa Samuelsson, Bo Björkman 
01 Jan 2014
17 Citations
Although there are good recycling rates for copper, some challenges can be foreseen such as a scarcity of pure and high-grade scrap and an increased amount of products containing a mixture of materials and with low copper concentrations.
The change of copper consumption during 2016–2031 has little effect on the amount of scrap generation in 2031.
Even in the absence of further technological progress, this would restrict the potential rise in copper prices.
The results identify two cycles of copper prices and price forecasts in the short term.
Open accessJournal ArticleDOI
Xinkai Fu, Stian M. Ueland, Elsa Olivetti 
30 Citations
We find that both industrial activity and world GDP correlate with total scrap supply, with limited dependence on copper price.
All these results showed that the U. S chose importing refined copper to satisfy the demand rather than recycling old scrap.

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What is point of zero charge of calcite?
8 answers
The concept of the point of zero charge (PZC) is pivotal in understanding the surface charge properties of minerals and materials in various environments. The PZC is the pH at which a solid's surface has a net zero charge, affecting its interaction with surrounding molecules and ions. While the specific question about the PZC of calcite is not directly addressed in the provided contexts, insights from the studies on different materials and minerals can offer a comprehensive understanding of how PZC is determined and its significance across various substances. For instance, the PZC for concrete particles was found to be 12, indicating a highly alkaline condition for achieving a neutral surface charge on concrete adsorbents. Similarly, carbonate and sandstone rocks exhibited PZC values in the range of 9.40 to 9.70 and 2.2 to 2.9, respectively, highlighting how mineral composition influences the PZC. The study on natural bentonite and its homoionic forms revealed that the PZC can vary with the type of interlayer cation present, showing the impact of chemical composition on surface charge properties. Diatomite's PZC was investigated using multiple methods, emphasizing the importance of experimental approach in determining PZC values. The research on colloidal materials, including activated charcoal and lakhra coal, further illustrates the pH dependence of surface charges and their influence on material behavior. Synthetic hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite's PZC measurements underscore the role of electrolyte composition and surface interactions in defining PZC. Studies on slightly soluble salts and soil horizons also contribute to the understanding of PZC, showing its variability across different materials and conditions. The investigation into cassiterite's ZPC at pH 2 and the influence of potential determining ions provides insight into the mechanisms of charge development at mineral-water interfaces. Lastly, the variability in PZC for monazite and xenotime due to chemical composition changes highlights the complexity of surface charge phenomena in minerals. Although none of the contexts directly mention calcite, the methodologies and findings from these studies underscore the multifaceted nature of PZC determination and its dependency on material composition, experimental conditions, and surrounding environment. This collective knowledge can be applied to understand and predict the PZC of calcite by considering its chemical and physical properties in relation to those of the materials discussed.
What is point of zero charge of calcite caco3?
10 answers
The concept of the point of zero charge (PZC) is crucial in understanding the surface charge properties of materials in various environments, particularly in the context of calcite (CaCO3). The PZC is the pH at which a solid's surface exhibits zero net charge, affecting its interaction with surrounding molecules and ions. This property is not only fundamental but varies across different materials, as demonstrated by studies on concrete particles, carbonate and sandstone rocks, cassiterite, bentonite, hydroxyapatite, fluorapatite, and various colloids. For calcite specifically, the literature does not provide a direct PZC value within the given contexts. However, by understanding the principles and methodologies applied in determining the PZC for other materials, one can infer the importance of such measurements. For instance, the mass titration method used for concrete adsorbents and the electrophoresis technique for rocks highlight the diverse approaches to ascertain this critical point. Similarly, the influence of different ions and the pH environment on the surface charge of materials like cassiterite and bentonite underscores the complex interplay at the mineral-water interface, which would be relevant for calcite as well. Moreover, the effects of particle size, ionic strength, and specific ions on the PZC, as discussed in the contexts, suggest that calcite's surface charge behavior would also be influenced by these factors. The mention of CaCO3 in the context of not altering the course of photodegradation in polymers indirectly touches upon its chemical stability, which could be pertinent when considering its surface interactions in aqueous solutions. Although direct data on calcite's PZC is absent, the comprehensive analysis across various materials provides a foundational understanding of how such a value might be determined and its significance. The methodologies and influences discussed across the contexts offer insights into the factors that would affect the PZC of calcite, emphasizing the need for specific studies to accurately determine this property for CaCO3.
How does climate affect birth outcomes?
4 answers
Climate can significantly impact birth outcomes. Extreme temperatures, both cold and hot, have been linked to increased mortality rates, particularly affecting the elderly. Additionally, regional factors like climate can influence migration patterns and income levels, affecting overall well-being and potentially birth outcomes. Furthermore, the model of intuitive inference suggests that individuals may make decisions related to insurance and other factors based on their perception of climate-related risks. Overall, the interplay between climate, migration, income disparities, and decision-making processes can collectively influence birth outcomes, highlighting the complex relationship between environmental factors and human health.
What are the most common types of macroplastics?
5 answers
The most common types of macroplastics found in various ecosystems include fishing gear, plastic fragments, textiles, polyolefin polymers like polyethylene, polystyrene, and polypropylene, as well as polyethylene terephthalate and polyurethane. Fishing gear constituted 57% of the macroplastics found in reef ecosystems, while polyolefin polymers were the most frequent contaminants on glaciers in the Italian Central-Western Alps. Additionally, white plastics, fibres, and LDPE polymer were prevalent in sea turtles, while cetaceans ingested white macro- and microplastics, fibres, and PA polymer. Plastic bags, food packaging, and foamed plastic were common macroplastics in rivers, with fibres being the most abundant microplastics. These findings highlight the diverse sources and compositions of macroplastics across marine, terrestrial, and freshwater environments.
What cultural and historical factors influence the serving size of food in Japan?
4 answers
Cultural and historical factors significantly influence the serving size of food in Japan. Over the past 40 years, Japanese food consumption patterns have shifted due to factors like higher household income, aging population, and westernization of lifestyle. These changes have led to increased consumption of meats, bread, and beverages, while decreasing the intake of traditional foods like rice, noodles, and fish. Additionally, the development of tools like digital food photograph atlases has aimed to aid in portion size estimation for commonly consumed foods among Japanese adults. Understanding these cultural shifts and historical influences is crucial for assessing food consumption trends in Japan, which can have significant implications for the agricultural market and trade dynamics both domestically and globally.
What factors influence the rate of reaction between starch and hydrogen peroxide at different heights?
5 answers
The rate of reaction between starch and hydrogen peroxide at different heights is influenced by factors such as the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, the presence of catalysts like copper(II) citrate, and the use of environmentally friendly oxidants. The reaction kinetics can be affected by the concentration of reagents, with higher concentrations leading to faster reaction rates. Additionally, the reaction mechanisms and kinetic parameters for complex chemical processes, like the oxidation of starch, can be extracted using in silico approaches, such as reactive molecular dynamics (RMD) and reactive force field (ReaxFF) simulations. Understanding these factors is crucial for optimizing the efficiency of reactive processes and product formation in various industrial applications, including paper manufacturing and construction materials.
What is the Economic viability assessment of agricultural products in San Juan, Ilocos Sur?
5 answers
The economic viability assessment of agricultural products in San Juan, Ilocos Sur, involves evaluating various factors such as support policies, taxation systems, sustainability indicators, and income generation. Different methodologies exist for assessing economic viability, relying on financial ratios and non-financial indicators. Support policies significantly impact the economic viability of farms, while tax burdens can affect their sustainability. Sustainability assessments encompass economic aspects like returns, financial requirements, and investment needs, alongside natural resource considerations. In evaluating economic sustainability, indicators like entrepreneurial income, economic profit, and opportunity costs play crucial roles, determining the viability of agricultural holdings based on income generation and cost coverage. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment considering these diverse factors is essential for determining the economic viability of agricultural products in San Juan, Ilocos Sur.
What is the correlation between remittances and nutrition in developing countries?
5 answers
Remittances play a crucial role in improving nutrition in developing countries. Studies indicate that remittance income contributes to better nutrition outcomes by increasing the intake of essential nutrients like proteins, vitamin A, vitamin C, and calcium, particularly benefiting the physical development of children and the health of adults. Remittances have been found to enhance calorie supply at the household level, positively impacting food security and nutrition. Additionally, households receiving remittances tend to have better total income, assets, and overall nutritional status compared to non-receiving households. This highlights the significant correlation between remittances and improved nutrition outcomes, emphasizing the importance of remittances in addressing food security and nutritional challenges in developing countries.
Influence of peer pressure on students spending habits?
5 answers
Peer pressure significantly impacts students' spending habits, leading to increased consumption of status items and non-utilitarian products. Studies show that peer influence affects various lifestyle behaviors, including buying choices, with students relying on each other to enhance their overall personality. Additionally, research indicates that peer relations and locus of control play a role in extravagant spending among university students, emphasizing the need to curb unnecessary financial outlays. Despite efforts to mitigate extravagance, the influence of peers remains a strong modulator of spending behavior, particularly in the context of different orientations of locus of control. Therefore, peer pressure acts as a significant factor in shaping students' spending patterns, often driving them towards conspicuous consumption and high-cost purchases to align with social comparisons and improve social standings.
What is coppers role in plant biology?
5 answers
Copper (Cu) plays a crucial role in plant biology by acting as a cofactor for various metalloproteins involved in essential physiological processes. At optimal levels, Cu is necessary for plant growth and development, but excess Cu can lead to toxicity, inhibiting growth and disrupting normal physiological functions. Plants have evolved mechanisms to tolerate and regulate Cu levels, including immobilizing excess Cu in specific plant parts and employing Cu transporters for uptake and distribution. Cu stress induces oxidative damage by generating reactive oxygen species, affecting photosynthesis, enzyme activities, and nutrient levels in plants. Furthermore, Cu deficiency can impair microbial growth and plant photosynthetic processes, while Cu toxicity can result from factors like fungicide use or environmental contamination. Overall, Cu's intricate involvement in plant biology underscores its dual nature as both essential nutrient and potential stressor.
What is the difinition of Consumer behavior?
5 answers
Consumer behavior refers to the study of why individuals or groups make decisions to buy or not buy products and services, exploring the processes involved in selecting, purchasing, using, or disposing of goods to fulfill needs and desires. This field is influenced by various factors such as sociodemographic, psychographic, biological, and situational elements. The decision-making process in consumer behavior can be complex, involving multiple considerations like motivators and determinants. Despite differing interpretations, consumer behavior commonly encompasses perceptions of habits, lifestyles, attitudes, and practices. Understanding consumer behavior is crucial for businesses as it enables them to satisfy consumer needs effectively, aligning with the marketing concept that emphasizes meeting consumer requirements for organizational success. Various disciplines like economics, psychology, sociology, and neurosciences contribute to the interdisciplinary nature of consumer behavior studies, aiding marketers in developing effective strategies.