56-bit encryption

About: 56-bit encryption is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 3351 publications have been published within this topic receiving 88122 citations.

Attribute-based encryption for fine-grained access control of encrypted data

Abstract: As more sensitive data is shared and stored by third-party sites on the Internet, there will be a need to encrypt data stored at these sites. One drawback of encrypting data, is that it can be selectively shared only at a coarse-grained level (i.e., giving another party your private key). We develop a new cryptosystem for fine-grained sharing of encrypted data that we call Key-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption (KP-ABE). In our cryptosystem, ciphertexts are labeled with sets of attributes and private keys are associated with access structures that control which ciphertexts a user is able to decrypt. We demonstrate the applicability of our construction to sharing of audit-log information and broadcast encryption. Our construction supports delegation of private keys which subsumesHierarchical Identity-Based Encryption (HIBE).

Using encryption for authentication in large networks of computers

Abstract: Use of encryption to achieve authenticated communication in computer networks is discussed. Example protocols are presented for the establishment of authenticated connections, for the management of authenticated mail, and for signature verification and document integrity guarantee. Both conventional and public-key encryption algorithms are considered as the basis for protocols.

Introduction to Modern Cryptography

Abstract: Preface I. Introduction and Classical Cryptography Introduction Cryptography and Modern Cryptography The Setting of Private-Key Encryption Historical Ciphers and Their Cryptanalysis Principles of Modern Cryptography Principle 1 - Formal Definitions Principle 2 - Precise Assumptions Principle 3 - Proofs of Security Provable Security and Real-World Security References and Additional Reading Exercises Perfectly Secret Encryption Definitions The One-Time Pad Limitations of Perfect Secrecy Shannon's Theorem References and Additional Reading Exercises II. Private-Key (Symmetric) Cryptography Private-Key Encryption Computational Security The Concrete Approach The Asymptotic Approach Defining Computationally Secure Encryption The Basic Definition of Security Semantic Security Constructing Secure Encryption Schemes Pseudorandom Generators and Stream Ciphers Proofs by Reduction A Secure Fixed-Length Encryption Scheme Stronger Security Notions Security for Multiple Encryptions Chosen-Plaintext Attacks and CPA-Security Constructing CPA-Secure Encryption Schemes Pseudorandom Functions and Block Ciphers CPA-Secure Encryption from Pseudorandom Functions Modes of Operation Stream-Cipher Modes of Operation Block-Cipher Modes of Operation Chosen-Ciphertext Attacks Defining CCA-Security Padding-Oracle Attacks References and Additional Reading Exercises Message Authentication Codes Message Integrity Secrecy vs. Integrity Encryption vs. Message Authentication Message Authentication Codes - Definitions Constructing Secure Message Authentication Codes A Fixed-Length MAC Domain Extension for MACs CBC-MAC The Basic Construction Proof of Security Authenticated Encryption Definitions Generic Constructions Secure Communication Sessions CCA-Secure Encryption Information-Theoretic MACs Constructing Information-Theoretic MACs Limitations on Information-Theoretic MACs References and Additional Reading Exercises Hash Functions and Applications Definitions Collision Resistance Weaker Notions of Security Domain Extension: The Merkle-Damgard Transform Message Authentication Using Hash Functions Hash-and-MAC HMAC Generic Attacks on Hash Functions Birthday Attacks for Finding Collisions Small-Space Birthday Attacks Time/Space Tradeoffs for Inverting Functions The Random-Oracle Model The Random-Oracle Model in Detail Is the Random-Oracle Methodology Sound? Additional Applications of Hash Functions Fingerprinting and Deduplication Merkle Trees Password Hashing Key Derivation Commitment Schemes References and Additional Reading Exercises Practical Constructions of Symmetric-Key Primitives Stream Ciphers Linear-Feedback Shift Registers Adding Nonlinearity Trivium RC4 Block Ciphers Substitution-Permutation Networks Feistel Networks DES - The Data Encryption Standard 3DES: Increasing the Key Length of a Block Cipher AES - The Advanced Encryption Standard Differential and Linear Cryptanalysis Hash Functions Hash Functions from Block Ciphers MD5 SHA-0, SHA-1, and SHA-2 SHA-3 (Keccak) References and Additional Reading Exercises Theoretical Constructions of Symmetric-Key Primitives One-Way Functions Definitions Candidate One-Way Functions Hard-Core Predicates From One-Way Functions to Pseudorandomness Hard-Core Predicates from One-Way Functions A Simple Case A More Involved Case The Full Proof Constructing Pseudorandom Generators Pseudorandom Generators with Minimal Expansion Increasing the Expansion Factor Constructing Pseudorandom Functions Constructing (Strong) Pseudorandom Permutations Assumptions for Private-Key Cryptography Computational Indistinguishability References and Additional Reading Exercises III. Public-Key (Asymmetric) Cryptography Number Theory and Cryptographic Hardness Assumptions Preliminaries and Basic Group Theory Primes and Divisibility Modular Arithmetic Groups The Group ZN Isomorphisms and the Chinese Remainder Theorem Primes, Factoring, and RSA Generating Random Primes Primality Testing The Factoring Assumption The RSA Assumption Relating the RSA and Factoring Assumptions Cryptographic Assumptions in Cyclic Groups Cyclic Groups and Generators The Discrete-Logarithm/Diffie-Hellman Assumptions Working in (Subgroups of) Zp Elliptic Curves Cryptographic Applications One-Way Functions and Permutations Constructing Collision-Resistant Hash Functions References and Additional Reading Exercises Algorithms for Factoring and Computing Discrete Logarithms Algorithms for Factoring Pollard's p - 1 Algorithm Pollard's Rho Algorithm The Quadratic Sieve Algorithm Algorithms for Computing Discrete Logarithms The Pohlig-Hellman Algorithm The Baby-Step/Giant-Step Algorithm Discrete Logarithms from Collisions The Index Calculus Algorithm Recommended Key Lengths References and Additional Reading Exercises Key Management and the Public-Key Revolution Key Distribution and Key Management A Partial Solution: Key-Distribution Centers Key Exchange and the Diffie-Hellman Protocol The Public-Key Revolution References and Additional Reading Exercises Public-Key Encryption Public-Key Encryption - An Overview Definitions Security against Chosen-Plaintext Attacks Multiple Encryptions Security against Chosen-Ciphertext Attacks Hybrid Encryption and the KEM/DEM Paradigm CPA-Security CCA-Security CDH/DDH-Based Encryption El Gamal Encryption DDH-Based Key Encapsulation A CDH-Based KEM in the Random-Oracle Model Chosen-Ciphertext Security and DHIES/ECIES RSA Encryption Plain RSA Padded RSA and PKCS #1 v1.5 CPA-Secure Encryption without Random Oracles OAEP and RSA PKCS #1 v A CCA-Secure KEM in the Random-Oracle Model RSA Implementation Issues and Pitfalls References and Additional Reading Exercises Digital Signature Schemes Digital Signatures - An Overview Definitions The Hash-and-Sign Paradigm RSA Signatures Plain RSA RSA-FDH and PKCS #1 v Signatures from the Discrete-Logarithm Problem The Schnorr Signature Scheme DSA and ECDSA Signatures from Hash Functions Lamport's Signature Scheme Chain-Based Signatures Tree-Based Signatures Certificates and Public-Key Infrastructures Putting It All Together - SSL/TLS Signcryption References and Additional Reading Exercises Advanced Topics in Public-Key Encryption Public-Key Encryption from Trapdoor Permutations Trapdoor Permutations Public-Key Encryption from Trapdoor Permutations The Paillier Encryption Scheme The Structure of ZN2 The Paillier Encryption Scheme Homomorphic Encryption Secret Sharing and Threshold Encryption Secret Sharing Verifiable Secret Sharing Threshold Encryption and Electronic Voting The Goldwasser-Micali Encryption Scheme Quadratic Residues Modulo a Prime Quadratic Residues Modulo a Composite The Quadratic Residuosity Assumption The Goldwasser-Micali Encryption Scheme The Rabin Encryption Scheme Computing Modular Square Roots A Trapdoor Permutation Based on Factoring The Rabin Encryption Scheme References and Additional Reading Exercises Index of Common Notation Appendix A: Mathematical Background Identities and Inequalities Asymptotic Notation Basic Probability The "Birthday" Problem Finite Fields Appendix B: Basic Algorithmic Number Theory Integer Arithmetic Basic Operations The Euclidean and Extended Euclidean Algorithms Modular Arithmetic Basic Operations Computing Modular Inverses Modular Exponentiation Montgomery Multiplication Choosing a Uniform Group Element Finding a Generator of a Cyclic Group Group-Theoretic Background Efficient Algorithms References and Additional Reading Exercises References Index

A Digital Signature Based on a Conventional Encryption Function

Abstract: A new digital signature based only on a conventional encryption function (such as DES) is described which is as secure as the underlying encryption function -- the security does not depend on the difficulty of factoring and the high computational costs of modular arithmetic are avoided. The signature system can sign an unlimited number of messages, and the signature size increases logarithmically as a function of the number of messages signed. Signature size in a 'typical' system might range from a few hundred bytes to a few kilobytes, and generation of a signature might require a few hundred to a few thousand computations of the underlying conventional encryption function.

Fast Software Encryption

Abstract: RC6 has been submitted as a candidate for the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). Two important features of RC6 that were absent from its predecessor RC5 are a quadratic function and a fixed rotation. By examining simplified variants that omit these features we clarify their essential contribution to the overall security of RC6.