Showing papers on "7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene published in 2014"

Evaluation of the effect of beetroot juice on DMBA-induced damage in liver and mammary gland of female Sprague-Dawley rats.

Abstract: Red beetroot contains a specific class of antioxidants collectively named betalains, which have been shown to have anticarcinogenic and anti-inflamatory potential. We investigated the effect of beetroot juice on the hepatic and mammary gland carcinogen metabolizing enzymes, DNA damage and liver injury, altered by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). In the liver, pretreatment with beetroot juice significantly decreased levels and activities of the majority of tested biochemical parameters, elevated by DMBA. Feeding with beetroot juice decreased the activities of CYP1A1 and 1A2 and increased phase II enzymes. The activities of all enzymes tested were enhanced in the animals treated with DMBA alone and in combination with beetroot juice. The most significant changes in the level of the enzymes tested were observed for NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1. In mammary gland, beetroot juice induced the level of glutathione S-transferase pi, enzyme involved in active metabolites of DMBA detoxification. The final effects of beetroot juice are tissue specific and depend on the class of carcinogen. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Preventive Effects of Probiotic Bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum and Dietary Fiber in Chemically-induced Mammary Carcinogenesis

Abstract: Aim The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the chemopreventive efficacy of a new probiotic bacterial strain, Lactobacillus plantarum LS/07 (PRO), prebiotic oligofructose-enriched inulin (PRE) and PRO-PRE combination in a rat model of breast cancer. Materials and methods Mammary carcinogenesis was induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). Daily oral administration of PRO (at a dose of 8.4×10(8) c.f.u./rat) and PRE (in the diet, 20 g/kg) started two weeks before the first DMBA dose and lasted until the end of the experiment (16 weeks). Results Administration of PRO, PRE and PRO-PRE combination significantly suppressed the tumor frequency, increased Cd4(+) T-cells in tumor tissue and reduced serum tumor necrosis factor-α concentration. In PRO and PRO-PRE groups, the decline of Cd8(+) T-cells in blood and their increase in tumor tissue was observed. Conclusion Long-term administration of Lactobacillus plantarum LS/07 with and without inulin is effective against breast cancer, at least partially, through immunomodulatory mechanisms.

Impact of Obesity on Ovotoxicity Induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in Mice

Abstract: Insulin, elevated during obesity, regulates xenobiotic biotransformation enzymes, potentially through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling, in extraovarian tissues. PI3K regulates oocyte viability, follicular activation, and ovarian chemical biotransformation. 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), a carcinogen and ovotoxicant, destroys all stages of follicles, leading to premature ovarian failure. Obesity has been reported to promote DMBA-induced tumors, but it remains unknown whether obesity affects ovarian xenobiotic metabolism. Therefore, we investigated ovarian expression of xenobiotic metabolism genes—microsomal epoxide hydrolase (Ephx1), glutathione S-transferase (GST) class Pi (Gstp1) and class mu 1 (Gstm1), and PI3K-signaling members (protein kinase B [AKT] alpha [Akt1], beta [Akt2], and the forkhead transcription factor subfamily 3 [Foxo3])—in lean and obese female mice after DMBA exposure (1 mg/kg; intraperitoneal injection for 14 days). Relative to lean, obese mice had decreased (P < 0.05) healthy primordial and primary follicle numbers but increased (P < 0.05) secondary and preovulatory follicles numbers. Obesity increased (P < 0.05) Akt1, Akt2, Gstm1, and Ephx1 mRNA and pAKTSer473/Thr308, GSTM1, GSTP1, and EPHX1 protein levels. DMBA decreased (P < 0.05) ovarian weight in lean and obese mice, however, obese DMBA-treated females had a greater reduction (P < 0.05) in ovarian weight. In both lean and obese mice, DMBA decreased (P < 0.05) all stages of healthy follicle numbers, increased Gstp1 and Ephx1 mRNA as well as GSTM1, GSTP1, and EPHX1 protein levels, and decreased Akt1 and Akt2 mRNA as well as pAKTSer473 or pAKTThr308, FOXO3, and pFOXO3Ser253 protein expression. There was an additive effect between obesity and DMBA exposure for increased Gstm1 and Ephx1 mRNA as well as GSTM1 and EPHX1 protein expression.

Comparison of PET Imaging with 64Cu-Liposomes and 18F-FDG in the 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-Induced Hamster Buccal Pouch Model of Oral Dysplasia and Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Abstract: Purpose Currently, 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose (18F-FDG) is the gold standard radiotracer for staging of head and neck cancer; however, the low sensitivity of this tracer can impede detection of early lesions. 64Cu-liposomes accumulate in various cancers and provide both a sensitive tracer and an indication of the biodistribution of nanotherapeutics. Here, the accumulation of 64Cu-liposomes in early and established cancers is assessed and compared with 18F-FDG in a head and neck cancer model.

Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. exerts chemoprevention of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumorigenesis in rats.

Abstract: Due to limited treatment options for advanced-stage metastatic breast cancer, a high priority should be given to develop non-toxic chemopreventive drugs. The value of various natural and dietary agents to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer is well established. Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. (Aizoaceae), a dietary and medicinal plant, has been found to exert antihepatotoxic and antihepatocarcinogenic properties in rodents. This study was initiated to investigate mechanism-based chemopreventive potential of an ethanolic extract of T. portulacastrum (TPE) against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-initiated rat mammary gland carcinogenesis, an experimental tumor model that closely resembles human breast cancer. Rats had access to a basal diet supplemented with TPE to yield three dietary doses of the extract, i.e., 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight. Following two weeks of TPE treatment, mammary tumorigenesis was initiated by oral administration of DMBA (50 mg/kg body weight). At the end of the study (16 weeks after DMBA exposure), TPE exhibited a striking reduction of DMBA-induced mammary tumor incidence, total tumor burden and average tumor weight and reversed intratumor histopathological alterations. TPE dose-dependently suppressed proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin D1 expression, induced apoptosis, upregulated proapoptotic protein Bax, downregulated antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and diminished the expression of nuclear and cytosolic β-catenin in mammary tumors. Our results clearly provide the first experimental evidence that TPE exerts chemopreventive effect in the classical DMBA model of breast cancer by suppressing abnormal cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis mediated through alteration of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Mechanistically, TPE is capable of diminishing activated canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling to exhibit antiproliferative, proapoptotic and oncostatic effects during an early-stage breast cancer. These results may encourage further studies to explore full potential of T. portulacastrum phytoconstituents as breast cancer chemopreventive agents.

Biochemical profiling and chemopreventive activity of phloretin on 7,12-Dimethylbenz (a) anthracene induced oral carcinogenesis in male golden Syrian hamsters.

Abstract: Objectives: The present study was designed to examine the chemopreventive effects of phloretin against 7, 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA) induced buccal pouch carcinogenesis in male golden Syrian hamsters in order to discover resources to improve the traditional medicine. Materials and Methods: Hamsters were divided into four groups of 10 animals each. Group I was served as an untreated control. Group II hamsters were painted with 0.5% DMBA in liquid paraffin on the left buccal pouches three times a week for 14 weeks. Group III hamsters were orally administrated with phloretin at a dose of 40 mg/kg body Weight (b.wt) on days alternate to DMBA application. Group IV hamsters were orally administrated with phloretin alone and served as the drug control. The experiment was terminated at the end of fourteenth week. The experimental animal's tumors were subjected into morphological examination and subsequently screened the pathological changes and estimate the activities of bi-products of lipid peroxidation, antioxidants enzymes and phase I and II detoxification enzyme status. Results: In DMBA alone treated hamster showed increased levels of lipid peroxidation by products, leads to decreased levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants status, activities of phase I and II detoxification enzyme status were altered. Normalized the neoplastic changes, decreased the levels of lipid by products, retain the antioxidants and restored the phase I and II enzymes were observed in phloretin administrated animals during DMBA induced oral carcinogenesis. Conclusion: Phloretin has possible chemopreventive role in which modulating the antioxidant and detoxification enzyme status, thereby retarding DMBA induced buccal pouch carcinogenesis.

Modulating effects of hesperidin on key carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes, lipid profile, and membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatases against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced breast carcinogenesis.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to document the effect of hesperidin on the key enzyme activities of carbohydrate metabolism, lipid profile, and membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) during 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast carcinogenesis. Hesperidin has been reported to have multiple biological properties. Breast cancer was induced by single dose of DMBA (20 mg/kg body weight (bw)). The results revealed that there was a significant increase in the activities of hexokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase, and aldolase and a concomitant decrease in the activities of glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase in cancer-induced animals. The activities of ATPases were found to be decreased both in erythrocyte membrane and in the liver of mammary cancer-bearing animals. The lipid profiles such as total cholesterol, free cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides, and free fatty acids significantly increased and in contrast the ester cholesterol in plasma was found to be decreased, whe...

Azadirachta indica mitigates DMBA-induced hepatotoxicity- a biochemical and radiometric study

Abstract: The hepatoprotective potential of aqueous Azadirachta indica leaf extract (AAILE) was assessed against DMBA-induced hepatotoxicity. DMBA (7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene) treatment (40 mg/kg body weight, ip) to male Balb/c mice resulted in the derailment of liver function as revealed by extremely slow clearance of 99mTc-mebrofenin from liver, elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine transaminase (ALT), compared to control group. In addition, elevated micronuclei score and high apoptotic index indicated hepatogenotoxicity in DMBA-treated mice. DMBA treatment also upregulated cytochrome P450 (CYP), cytochrome b5 (Cyt b5) and decreased glutathione-S-transferase activity in hepatic tissue, compared to control group. Enhanced lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels along with decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) level were also observed in DMBA group, compared to control group. AAILE co-treatment (200 mg/kg body weight, po, thrice a week) for 8 weeks followed by DMBA injection showed significant improvement in hepatic status, as revealed by normalization of 99mTc-mebrofenin clearance rate, decreased ALP and ALT levels, reduced genotoxicity in terms of micronuclei score and apoptotic index. Levels of LPO were significantly decreased along with increased hepatic GST and GSH levels in AAILE + DMBA group, compared to DMBA group. However, no significant change was observed in hepatic CYP and Cyt b5 levels, compared to DMBA group. The results indicated that AAILE effectively ameliorated DMBA-induced hepatotoxicity.

Isoflavone intake inhibits the development of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene(DMBA)-induced mammary tumors in normal and ovariectomized rats

Abstract: To determine the associations between isoflavone (49.72% genistin, 5.32% daidzin, 34.54% glycitin) and breast cancer risk, 150 rats were given 5 mg 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and half of them were ovariectomized. Then normal rats and ovariectomized rats were divided into 5 groups: control group, isoflavone high (HI), middle (MI), or low (LI) dose group consuming 100, 500, or 1000 mg isoflavones/kg diet, estrogen group (2.5 mg stilboestrol/kg diet). After 24 weeks, tumor incidences were 73% in control group, 7% in HI, 7% in MI, 27% in LI, and 80% in estrogen group for normal rats; 60% in control group, 13% in HI, 7% in MI, 13% in LI, and 73% in estrogen group for ovariectomized rats. Isoflavone treatment decreased tumor incidence and mean tumor number per rat and increased mean latent period compared with those in control group and estrogen group group significantly (p<0.05). The mRNA and protein expression of estrogen receptor β were significantly higher in isoflavone treatment groups than those in control group group. Moreover, isoflavone treatment significantly decreased 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine content and increased superoxide dismutase level in normal rats and decreased malondialdehyde concentrations in ovariectomized rats compared with control group. In conclusions, isoflavone intake significantly inhibited the development of premenopausal and postmenopausal mammary tumors.

Modulating Effect of Ferulic Acid on NF-kB, COX-2 and VEGF Expression Pattern During 7, 12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene Induced Oral Carcinogenesis

Abstract: Ferulic acid, a natural antioxidant, has the potential to prevent inflammation and to modulate angiogenesis in both in vivo and in vitro models. The present study has investigated the modulating effect of ferulic acid on the expression pattern of COX-2, NF-B and VEGF during 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Over expression of COX-2, NF-B and VEGF was noticed in the oral tumor tissues of hamsters treated with DMBA. Oral administration of ferulic acid at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight to hamsters treated with DMBA completely prevented the tumor formation and downregulated the expression of COX-2, NF-B and VEGF during DMBA induced oral carcinogenesis. The present results suggest that ferulic acid might have suppressed oral tumor formation by down regulating the expression of COX-2, NF-B and VEGF during DMBA induced oral carcinogenesis.

The effect of cloudy apple juice on hepatic and mammary gland phase I and II enzymes induced by DMBA in female Sprague-Dawley rats

Abstract: Apples abundant in phenolic compounds show a variety of biological activities that may contribute to health beneficial effects against cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity and cancer. We investigated the effect of cloudy apple juice (CAJ) on the hepatic and mammary gland carcinogen metabolizing enzymes, DNA damage and liver injury, altered by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). Sprague-Dawley female rats were gavaged with CAJ (10 ml/kg b.w.) for 28 consecutive days. DMBA was administered i.p. on the 27th and the 28th days. In the liver, feeding with CAJ decreased the activities of CYP1A1 and 1A2 and increased phase II enzymes. The activities of all enzymes tested were enhanced in the animals treated with DMBA alone and in combination with CAJ. The most significant changes in the level of the hepatic enzymes tested were observed for GST alpha and NQO1. In mammary gland CAJ induced an increase in the level of GST mu and GST pi, while DMBA and CAJ combined administration elevated GST pi only...

Potential Chemoprevention of 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene Induced Renal Carcinogenesis by Moringa oleifera Pods and Its Isolated Saponin

Abstract: Present investigation shows that hydroethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera (MOHE) and its isolated saponin (SM) attenuates DMBA induced renal carcinogenesis in mice. Isolation of SM was achieved by TLC and HPLC and characterization was done using IR and 1H NMR. Animals were pre-treated with MOHE (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight; p.o), BHA as a standard (0.5 and 1 %) and SM (50 mg/kg body weight) for 21 days prior to the administration of single dose of DMBA (15 mg/kg body weight). Administration of DMBA significantly (p < 0.001) enhanced level of xenobiotic enzymes. It enhanced renal malondialdehyde, with reduction in renal glutathione content, antioxidant enzymes and glutathione-S-transferase. The status of renal aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and total protein content were also found to be decreased along with increase in total cholesterol in DMBA administered mice. Pretreatment with MOHE and SM significantly reversed the DMBA induced alterations in the tissue and effectively suppressed renal oxidative stress and toxicity.

Protective effect of Shemamruthaa on lipids anomalies in 7,12-dimethylbenz[ a ]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinoma-bearing rats

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the beneficial effect Shemamruthaa (a siddha formulation which constitutes Hibiscus rosa sinensis, Emblica officinalis, and Honey in define ratio) on lipid metabolism in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinoma-bearing rats. Lipid profile and lipid-metabolizing enzyme were investigated in serum, liver, and kidney of DMBA-induced mammary carcinoma-bearing SD rats. The levels of total cholesterol, free cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides, and free fatty acids were significantly increased, whereas, the levels of ester cholesterol were significantly decreased in plasma, liver and kidney of cancer-bearing animals, and those levels were restored to near normal levels upon treatment with SM. Moreover, the activities of total lipase, cholesterol ester synthase, and cholesterol ester hydrolase were found to be increased, and lipoprotein lipase and lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase were decreased in cancer-bearing animals. In addition, the levels of very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein were increased, and the level of high-density lipoprotein was decreased. These alterations were recouped back upon treatment with SM when compared to cancer animals. The result indicated that Shemamruthaa administration plays a beneficial role in regulating lipid profile and lipid-metabolizing enzymes in cancer-suffering animals.

7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced myelotoxicity differs in mice selected for high or low acute inflammatory response: relationship with aryl hydrocarbon receptor polymorphism.

Abstract: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), are environmental pollutants that exert multiple toxic and carcinogenic effects. Studies showed that these effects are mediated by activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and modulated by allelic variants of Ahr gene. Here, we investigated the effects of DMBA treatment in the inflammatory response and bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic function of maximal acute inflammatory response (AIRmax) and minimal acute inflammatory response (AIRmin) heterogeneous mouse lines selected for high and low acute inflammatory responsiveness, respectively. The phenotypic selection resulted in the segregation of the Ahr(d) and Ahr(b1) alleles that confer low and high receptor ligand-binding affinity, respectively, in AIRmax and AIRmin mice. We observed a reduction in BM mature granulocyte population in AIRmin mice 24 hours after DMBA treatment while both blast and immature myeloid cells were increased. Proliferation and differentiation of BM myeloid cells in response to in vitro granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus were impaired in AIRmin-treated mice. These DMBA effects on myeloid BM cells (BMCs) affected the in vivo leukocyte migration to an inflammatory site induced by polyacrylamide beads (Biogel P-100, Bio-Rad, France) injection in AIRmin mice. On the other hand, these alterations were not observed in DMBA-treated AIRmax mice. These data indicate that DMBA affects myeloid cell differentiation and inflammatory response and Ahr(b1) allele in the genetic background of AIRmin mice contributes to this effect.

Dose Tolerance Study of Diosmin Against 7 12 Dimethylbenz a Anthracene DMBA Induced Hamster Buccal Pouch Carcinogenesis

Abstract: Dose Tolerance Study of Diosmin Against 7 12 Dimethylbenz a Anthracene DMBA Induced Hamster Buccal Pouch Carcinogenesis

Effects of Obesity and 7,12-Dimethylbenz(A) Anthracene (DMBA) Treatment on Liver Cytochrome P4501A1 and 1B1 Expression in Ovariectomized Obese Zucker Rats

Abstract: Obesity is a risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer development. We have shown that obesity increases DMBA-induced mammary tumor development in intact and ovariectomized Zucker rats. Several data suggest that DMBA requires metabolic activation to exert its carcinogenic effects. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of obesity on hepatic expression of cytochrome P450 CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 following DMBA treatment in obese and lean ovariectomized Zucker rats. Forty day-old, ovariectomized obese (n=20) and lean (n=20) Zucker rats were placed on AIN-93 G diet and 10 days later were orally gavaged with either with sesame oil (control) or with 65 mg/kg DMBA in sesame oil. All rats were sacrificed 24 hours post-DMBA treatment. Liver microsomes were prepared, and CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression was measured by Western blotting using goat anti-mouse CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 antibodies. DMBA treatment significantly (p<0.001) increased expression of CYP1A1 in lean and obese ovariectomized rats compared to the control group. CYP1B1 expression was not affected by obesity or DMBA. These data suggest that DMBA can increase the expression of enzymes that are responsible for DMBA metabolism in the ovariectomized Zucker rat model.

Therapeutic effect of Ananus comosus peel on 7, 12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced breast cancer in female wistar albino rats

Abstract: Ananus comosus , has demonstrated a wide variety of biological activities which make it a good plant source for the treatment of many oxidative stress mediated diseases. The present study was aimed to evaluate therapeutic potential by assaying the activities of liver marker and lysosomal enzymes in 7, 12 dimethylbenz(α)anthracene induced mammary cancer bearing rats. Animals were divided into five groups of six numbers each. Group 1 served as control, group 2 induced mammary carcinogenesis, group 3 and 4 were treated with plant extract and tamoxifen and group 5 served as animals treated with plant extract alone. All the animals were sacrificed after 30 days treatment, serum and mammary tissue are used for the analysis of liver marker and lysosomal marker enzymes using standard protocols. The rats were induced with mammary cancer by DMBA showed altered the levels of liver markers and lysosomal marker enzymes in serum and mammary tissue. On the other hand, oral administrations of ethanolic extract of Ananus comosus peel and standard drug tamoxifen to mammary cancer bearing rats for 30 days, those levels were brought back to near normal. The histology of mammary tissues inevitably supports the biochemical alterations and this was attributed due to the interaction of Ananus comosus peel through the induction or inhibition of metabolism and also the modulating property in the marker and lysosomal enzymes.

Retraction: erbB expression changes in ethanol and 7,12- dimethylbenz (a) anthracene-induced oral carcinogenesis. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2013 Mar 1;18(2):e325-31

Abstract: The authors (Garcia Carrancá A, Zentero Galindo E, Jiménez Farfán MD and Hernandez Guerrero JC) express that one of the figures of the original article (Jacinto-Alemán LF, García-Carrancá A, LeybaHuerta ER, Zenteno-Galindo E, Jiménez-Farfán MD, Hernández-Guerrero JC. erbB expression changes in ethanol and 7,12- dimethylbenz (a)anthracene-induced oral carcinogenesis. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2013 Mar 1;18(2):e325-31.) corresponding to Western blots have not been found and the voluntary alteration of this figure is evident. The coauthors Alejandro García Carranca, Edgar Zenteno Galindo, Maria Dolores Jiménez Farfán and Juan Carlos Hernández Guerrero have made the decision to take back what has been published, as they have come to the conclusion, that at least this result is false. The editor declare that the journal had the signed copyright by the authors when the article was initially published. This copyright document certifies that the undersigned authors warrants that the article is original; is not under consideration by another publication; and its tables or figures have not been previously published. The authors confirmed that the final article had been read and each author´s contribution had been approved by the appropriate author. The editor has made the decision to retract the article due to the above comments of some authors against the rest. The editors apologize to the readers and reviewers of Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal for the inconvenience caused by the authors of the article.

Shemamruthaa, herbal formulation modulates xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and energy metabolism in 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced breast cancer in rats

Abstract: There is an increasing interest in identifying naturally occurring potent preventive and therapeutic agents for cancer. Shemamruthaa , a phytochemical formulation was evaluated for the first time with a view to potentiate more intense anticancer property. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats (8-week-old) were used for the study and were divided into 4 Groups. Group I control animals received standard pellet diet and water ad libitum . Group II animals were induced for mammary carcinoma with a single oral dose of 25 mg of DMBA, whereas another set of DMBA-induced rats were treated with SM (400 mg/kg body weight/day) orally by gastric intubation for 14 days after 3 months of induction period (Group III). Group IV animals served as SM-control. The status xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes were analysed in control and experimental rats. Our findings revealed that the SM formulation has potential to induce Phase-II enzyme activities, associated mainly with carcinogen detoxification and inhibit the Phase I enzyme activities. The activities of glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes were significantly brought back to near normal levels in SM treated animals. The results demonstrated unequivocally the effect of SM on inhibition of tumor progression by altering xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and restoring energy metabolism.

Avocado Extract Inhibits 7, 12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)- Induced Carcinogenesis in Hamster Cheek Pouches

Abstract: Background/Aim: Our studies have shown that an avocado extract (D003) selectively inhibits proliferation in premalignant and malignant but not normal primary human oral epithelial cell lines via an ROS-mediated mechanism. Herein, the in vivo anticancer effect of D003 extract and freeze-dried avocado (FA) was determined in the DMBAinitiated hamster cheek pouch (HCP) model. Materials and Methods: Tumors were initiated in hamster oral mucosa with DMBA followed by topical application of D003, FA, or vehicle. Tumor lesions were counted and evaluated histologically, epithelial proliferation was investigated using MTT assays, and ROS levels in HCP were examined using two photon microscopy. Results: D003 significantly inhibited tumorigenesis (tumor number and volume) compared to FA and vehicle, but neither D003 nor FA reversed premalignant changes induced by DMBA. ROS levels that were increased in the mucosa by DMBA treatment were enhanced by D003. D003 significantly reduced proliferation of cells in DMBAinitiated mucosa. Conclusion: Human cell culture and HCP data show that the phytochemicals extracted from avocado exhibit anticancer activity by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and progression.