Abductive reasoning

About: Abductive reasoning is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1917 publications have been published within this topic receiving 44645 citations. The topic is also known as: abduction & abductive inference.

Research on Modeling Method for Constraint Inference

Abstract: Fault diagnosis is of great importance especially in the field of aerospace, because spacecrafts are expensive and unique in most cases. Fault diagnosis can not only improve reliability of the spacecrafts but also reduce the workload of ground engineers, time of training astronauts and costs of lunching and running spacecrafts. Constraint inference is an important field in Artificial Intelligence and other areas of computer science. It has been widely used in model-based fault diagnosis, decision support, natural language understanding and other fields. Model-based fault diagnosis is an example of abductive reasoning using a model of the artifact. It has two steps: conflict identification and candidate generation. In the first step, the diagnosis system simulates the system using the model and compares the real observations with the predicted observations of the system. If conflicts are identified, we can get the reasons for the faults in the second step. Therefore, using constraint inference in model-based fault diagnosis, one significant step is building a model to simulate the real system. This article presents a new modeling method and uses this method to realize constraint inference in an example. It has been proved that this method is very convenient and efficient.

Development and Application of Learning Materials for the Law of Planetary Motion using the Kepler's Abductive Reasoning

Abstract: Department of Science Education, Kyungnam University, Gyeongnam 631-701, KoreaAbstract: The purpose of this study was to develop learning materials based on the Kepler’s abductive reasoning and toidentify high school students’ rule-inferring strategies on the law of planetary motion. The learning materials including theconcepts of solar magnetic field, conservation of figure skater's angular momentum and Kepler’s polyhedral theory weredeveloped and the questions about Kepler’s 2nd and 3rd law of planetary motion were also created. The participants were79science high school students and 83general high school students. The patterns and properties of their abductiveinference were analyzed. The findings revealed that the students showed ‘incomplete analogy abduction’, ‘analogyabduction’ and ‘reconstruction’ to generate the hypotheses concerning the Mars’ motion related to the solar magnetic field.There were more general high school students who showed the incomplete analogy abduction than science high schoolstudents. On the other hand, there were more science high school students who showed the analogy abduction andreconstruction strategy than general high school students. Also, they showed ‘incomplete analogy abduction’, ‘analogyabduction’ and ‘model construction and manipulation’ to generate the hypotheses concerning Kepler’s second law. Anumber of general high school students showed the incomplete analogy. It is suggested that because the analogy of figureskater cause the students’ alternative framework to use, more detailed demonstration is necessary in class. In addition,students combined Kepler’s polyhedral theory with their prior knowledge to infer Kepler’s third law.Keywords: law of planetary motion, Kepler’s abductive reasoning, abductive inference, analogy abduction요약: 본 연구의 목적은 행성운동 법칙에 관한 케플러의 귀추적 사고를 도입한 학습자료를 개발하고 이를 고등학교 수업에 적용하여 학생들의 귀추적 추론을 밝히고자 하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 태양의 자기장, 피겨 스케이터의 각운동량보존, 케플러의 정다면체 이론을 포함한 제시문과 과제문항을 개발하였다. 본 연구의 대상은 과학고등학교 학생 79명과일반계 고등학교 학생 83명이었고 과제문항에 대한 응답을 비교·분석하여 학생들의 추론 전략 유형과 특성을 논의하였다. 본 연구의 결과, 학생들은 태양의 자기장에 대한 케플러의 생각을 근거로 화성의 운동에 대하여 불완전 유비귀추,유비귀추, 자료의 재구성 전략을 사용하여 추론하였다. 케플러 제2법칙에 대한 귀추적 추론에서는 불완전 유비귀추, 유비귀추, 모델 구성 및 조작 귀추 등이 나타났다. 이와 관련하여 피겨 스케이터 유비 자체가 학습자들에게 대안개념을 유발할 수 있으므로 실제 수업에서 좀 더 구체적인 설명이 요구됨을 알 수 있었다. 또한 케플러 제3법칙에 대해서는 특히정다면체 개념과 기존의 알고 있는 지식을 통합하는 개념적 결합 전략을 사용하여 추론한 경우도 나타났다. 적절한 유비귀추를 보여준 과학고 학생의 비율이 일반고 학생보다 여러 과제에서 더 높게 나타난 반면 일반고 학생은 과학고 학생에 비하여 불완전 유비귀추를 더 많이 보여주었다. 본 연구는 케플러의 귀추적 사고를 모델링하여 가설을 형성하는과정에서 발휘되는 귀추전략을 밝힘으로써 이와 관련한 수업에서 구체적인 방안을 찾는데 근거 자료가 될 것이다.주요어: 행성운동 법칙, 케플러의 귀추적 사고, 귀추적 추론, 유비귀추

Reasoning About Reasoning

Abstract: Several varieties of metareasoning are discussed. The prototypical case is argument analysis, namely the interpretation and/or evaluation of arguments. A second special case is self-reflective argumentation. A third case is methodological reflection, namely the formulation, interpretation, evaluation, and application of methodological principles; these are inexact and fallible rules stipulating useful procedures in the search for truth. A fourth case is informal logic, conceived as the formulation, testing, systematization, and application of concepts and principles for the interpretation, evaluation, and practice of argument. Two other varieties of theory of argument are characterized without elaboration, “argumentation theory” and “formal logic.”

La filosofía de Peirce y su aplicación al problema del origen de las innovaciones evolutivas

Abstract: The discussion about the origin of evolutionary variations is taken as an example in order to justify the need to construct an ontological framework inspired in Peirce s cate-gories that integrate and move beyond dual polarities in which scientific discussions are locked in. The scientific community is divided between a mainstream Neo-Darwi-nian school that defends the blind and random production of variations, and a growing minority the Neo-Lamarckian school that sees variations as originated as a result of organisms and environment interactions. In the last decade epigenetic theories (Evolu-tionary Developmental Biology –EvoDevo- and Developmental Systems Theory –DST-) have proposed that evolutionary variations depend upon genotypic and phenotypic plasticity that enable organisms responsiveness to local environmental conditions by means of phenotypic adjustments at different levels (metabolic, physiologic, ontogenic, behavioral). This proposal opens up a way to overcome the dualism between chance and determinism, since it correlates with Peirce s categorical system and his vision of evolution as a process of sign interpretation. Epigenetic theories become an illustrative example of how to overcome dualisms between randomness and determinism in agree-ment to Peircean ontology that conceives evolution as a process of sign interpretation. Peircean categories studied as dyadic relations generate six characteristics that were iden-tified by Taborsky (2002, 2004) and applied by Andrade (2007) to the understanding of evolutionary theories, namely: (1.1) firstness as firstness (unconstrained possibilities), (2.2) secondness as secondness (discrete and definite actualizations), (3.2) thirdness as secondness(real possibilities given the restrictions at a determinate point in space and time), (3.1) thirdness as firstness (statistical distribution of realized actualizations), (2.1) secondness as firstness (election of real possibilities that are to be exteriorized and actualized) and (3.3) thirdness as thirdness (integration of actually existing realizations and emergence of new possibilities). Neo-Darwinism emphasizes the externalist stance described by relations (2.2) and (3.1), nonetheless an account that depends solely on them is insufficient if the internalist stance (1.1) and (3.2) and the two connecting relations (2.1) and (3.3) are not included. The two latter relations account for the process of abductive inference by means of which a new hypothesis is advanced aiming to deal with a new fact of observa-tion by making an original use of previous accumulated knowledge along evolutionary history. The explicit recognition of creative actions posed by organisms, analogous to natural abduction processes explains why responses to local conditions of life account for its open an unpredictable character. Natural abductive inference accounts for organisms permanent tendencies: 1. to vary and diverge and 2. to establishing new interactions that increase evolutionary potential.

Constructing the graphical reasoning process for proposition logic

Abstract: Based on the theory of graphic method, through graphical the proposition formulas and the reasoning rules, this paper constructs the graphical reasoning process for proposition logic. And in the construction of the reasoning process, rules are made a brief description for using and analysis. Then through an example, explains the graphical construction method and process for proposition formulas and reasoning rules.