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Showing papers on "Acetic acid published in 1974"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The binding of volatile fatty acids to plasma proteins was studied; this binding is negligible for acetic acid, but increases with the length of the fatty acid carbon chain.
Abstract: 1. A new rapid micro-method for measuring plasma volatile fatty acids is described. The volatile fatty acids are extracted from plasma with ethanol in the presence of a known quantity of internal standard (sodium isobutyrate). After evaporation of the ethanolic solution of the sodium salts, the residue is dissolved in a dilute solution of orthophosphoric acid to permit analysis by g.l.c. 2. A technique of g.l.c. analysis is described which permits the separation of all the volatile fatty acids from the other plasma constituents at temperatures below 100°C in 5 min. 3. Steam-distillation techniques are unsatisfactory when the acetic acid concentrations in the plasma are below 0.2mm. Heating of a number of plasma constituents in acid conditions gives rise to acetic acid. 4. The binding of volatile fatty acids to plasma proteins was studied; this binding is negligible for acetic acid, but increases with the length of the fatty acid carbon chain. 5. The limits of use of the method and the physiological implications are discussed.

143 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is postulated that at least three types of bonding may be present between lignin and carbohydrate, namely one cleaved on borohydride reduction, another cleaved by alkali and a linkage resistant to alkali.
Abstract: 1. Lignin-carbohydrate complexes isolated from leaf blade, leaf sheath and stem tissue of ryegrass by extraction with dimethyl sulphoxide were examined by fractionation procedures. Although the complexes are heterogeneous, heterogeneity is shown only in the ratio of the individual monosaccharide residues and not in the ratio of lignin to carbohydrate. 2. The molecular weight of the complexes is high (>/=150000), but chemical modification by alkaline hydrolysis, borohydride reduction or lead tetra-acetate oxidation does not drastically decrease it. Low-molecular-weight fragments released by alkaline treatment were shown to contain acetic acid, ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid. 3. On the basis of the chemical stability of the complexes, it is postulated that at least three types of bonding may be present between lignin and carbohydrate, namely one cleaved on borohydride reduction, another cleaved by alkali and a linkage resistant to alkali. 4. The carbohydrate portion of the complexes is composed of beta-(1-->4)-linked d-glucose residues (cellulose) and beta-(1-->4)-linked chains of xylose residues. Side chains involving arabinose and galactose residues are linked to C-3 of some of the xylose residues. 5. How the components of the complexes are held together is not certain, but it is suggested that the phenolic acids may act as cross-linking agents.

130 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The most satisfactory method for the extraction of protein from eukaryotic ribosomes is with 67% acetic acid in the presence of 33 mM MgCl2.
Abstract: Proteins were extracted from rat liver ribosomes and ribosomal subunits: with 67% acetic acid (in the presence of 3.3 mM, 33 mM, or 67 mM Mg) with 2 M LiCL in 4 M urea; with 0.25 N HCI; with 1% SDS; and after RNase digestion. The most efficient extraction and the best recovery were either with acetic acid in the presence of 33 mM or 67 mM Mg, or with LiCI-urea. Protein extracted with acetic acid, LiCi-urea, or with HCI had little or no contamination with RNA. The ribosomal proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: the proteins extracted with acetic acid were the most soluble in the sample gel solution; their electrophoretograms displayed the maximum number of spots and the smallest number of derivatives or altered proteins. Preparations of protein extracted with SDS or RNase were relatively insoluble in the sample gel solution, and proteins extracted with HCI showed a large number of derivatives. All things considered, the most satisfactory method for the extraction of protein from eukaryotic ribosomes is with 67% acetic acid in the presence of 33 mM MgCl2.

84 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Acetic acid isolated from cider vinegar and inorganically synthesized glacial acetic acid have markedly different intramolecular isotopic distributions of the stable carbon isotopes.
Abstract: Acetic acid isolated from cider vinegar and inorganically synthesized glacial acetic acid have markedly different intramolecular isotopic distributions of the stable carbon isotopes. Carbon-12 is concentrated in the methyl group relative to the carboxyl group in the biologically produced acid. The reverse distribution is observed in the particular sample of glacial acetic acid examined here.

81 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, the adsorption and reaction of acetic acid have been studied using the technique of reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy, and the results indicate that at ambient temperatures acetic acids adsorbs on cuprous oxide to form a vacuum stable (10−7 Torr), thick (several hundred angstrom) film having an ionic lattice comprised primarily of discrete protons and acetate ions.
Abstract: The adsorption and reaction of acetic acid have been studied using the technique of reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy. Evaporated copper films on both glass and gold substrates have been oxidized to cuprous oxide and allowed to interact with gaseous acetic acid. The results indicate that at ambient temperatures acetic acid adsorbs on cuprous oxide to form a vacuum stable (10−7 Torr), thick (several hundred angstrom) film having an ionic lattice comprised primarily of discrete protons and acetate ions. At higher temperatures (near 200°C) incorporation of copper ions into the film occurs with apparent partial decomposition of the acetate ion. The general implications of these results on the understanding of the mechanisms of attack of organic acids on metal-metal oxide surfaces is discussed.

68 citations


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: It was found that when N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of [ 3 H]acetic acid was allowed to react with deacylated tRNA, the radioactivity associated with the tRNA was equivalent to one acetyl residue per 100 molecules of tRNA.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter describes the method for the chemical preparation of Acetylaminoacyl-tRNA that is based on the reaction between aminoacyl-tRNA and N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of acetic acid. The active ester is prepared by allowing the acetic acid to react with N-hydroxysuccinimide in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. This method was found to be a general one and has been used successfully with aliphatic carboxylic acids—for example, formic, acetic, caprylic, lauric, and palmitic acids as well as with aromatic compounds containing free carboxylic groups. It was found that when N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of [3H]acetic acid was allowed to react with deacylated tRNA, the radioactivity associated with the tRNA was equivalent to one acetyl residue per 100 molecules of tRNA.

64 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the trimer with NaOAc or LiOAc at 25° was not instantaneous, but the reaction was instantaneous with either NaOAC or LOAc.
Abstract: Palladium(II) acetate in acetic acid in the absence of acetate ion exists as the trimeric species Pd3(OAc)6. The reaction of the trimer with NaOAc or LiOAc at 25° was not instantaneous. Spectral st...

64 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the reactions of a wide variety of alkyl halides with mercury(I and/or (II) nitrate in 1,2-dimethoxyethane, mercury(II) acetate in acetic acid, aqueous mercury( II) perchlorate, and mercury(III) per chlorate in alcohol solvents have been investigated.

57 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the main propagation step in the autoxidation catalyzed by cobalt and bromide ions in acetic acid can be written as follows; Co(II)Br + RO 2 · → Co(III)Br+ products.

56 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Of a series of substrate analogs and metabolites tested, only acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, glutamic acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid and 2‐ketoadipic acid inhibited the enzyme to a significant extent.
Abstract: — The effects of divalent metal ions, sulfhydryl reagents, carbonyl trapping reagents, substrate analogs, and organic solvents on purified mouse brain 4-aminobutyrate-2-ketoglutarate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.19) and the subunit structure of this enzyme were studied. Of the metal ions tested, Hg2+ was found to be the most potent inhibitor inhibiting the enzyme 50 percent at a concentration of 0-7 μM. The order of decreasing inhibitory potency for the divalent metal ions was: Hg2+± Cd2+± Zn2+± Cu2+± Co2+± Ba2+± Sr2+± Ni2+± Mn2+± Ca2+± Mg2+. p-Chloromercuribenzoale was the most potent inhibitor among the sulfhydryl reagents tested inhibiting the enzyme to the extent of 50 per cent at 0-5 μM 3-Mercaptopropionic acid was found to be a competitive inhibitor for GABA and non-competitive for 2-ketoglutarate. The Ki, value was estimated to be 13 μM. Aminooxyacetic acid was the most potent inhibitor of the carbonyl trapping agents with a K, value of 0-06 μM. being competitive with GABA and non-competitive with 2-ketoglutarate. Hydroxylamine and hydrazine were the next most potent compounds in this group. Of a series of substrate analogs and metabolites tested, only acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, glutamic acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid and 2-ketoadipic acid inhibited the enzyme to a significant extent. Dioxan inhibited the enzyme 50 per cent at a concentration of 5 per cent (v/v) whereas methanol and ethanol only inhibited 5-10 per cent at 10 per cent (v/v) concentration. A spectrum of the native enzyme at pH 7-2 showed maxima at 278 nm. 330 nm and 411 nm. Treatment of the enzyme with aminooxyacetic acid or 3-mercaptopropionic acid caused the maximum at 411 nm to disappear. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the enzyme revealed two protein bands. The molecular weights of these two subunits were determined to be 53.000 and 58,000, respectively.

52 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the contents of amino acids and peptides have been investigated in seeds of Fagus silvatica L. (beechnuts) and the following compounds have been isolated and identified: 4-hydroxyproline (probably the cis - l -isomer), N 5 -acetylornithine, 3-(2-furoyl)- l -alanine, methionine sulfoxide (probably an artefact), pipecolic acid (probably partially racemized d -isomers), l -willardiine (with a small amount of

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Four new compounds are characterized by their spectral and electrophoretic properties and their biological activity, which are active as weak antimetabolites to vitamin B12 in suppressing the growth of Lactobacillus leichmanii and Escherichia coli 113–3.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The three derivatives of bis-phosphatidic acid contained 60–80% of octadecenoic acid; in this respect they were different from other BHK-cell phospholipids.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The yeast strain 11Bh was studied from the aspect of qualitative and qunatitative composition of lipids formed in cells during growth on methanol, synthetic ethanol and glucose as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The yeast strain 11Bh was studied from the aspect of qualitative and qunatitative composition of lipids formed in cells during growth on methanol, synthetic ethanol and glucose. The strain was found to form some 3% free fatty acids toward the end of the growth phase. More esterified fatty acids are formed on ethanol and glucose (2.75 and 2.86%, respectively) than on methanol (1.6%). The composition of lipids and representation of the various fatty acids in the lipids is similar on all three substrates. The cell lipids contain over 40 rel.% oleic and about 16 rel.% each of palmitoleic, palmitio and linolenic acid. Odd-numbered fatty acids are present after growth on any of the three substrates, amounting to at most 4 rel.%. Of the extracellular fatty acids formed toward the end of growth of cells on methanol, propionic and acetic acid occurred in largest amounts in the medium.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results support earlier findings which indicate that organisms preferentially utilize compounds enriched in carbon-12 and tend to concentrate carbon- 12 in the reduced carbons relative to the oxidized carbons of metabolic products.
Abstract: Acetobacter suboxydans, strain 8.3, was grown using ethanol, made by the hydration of ethylene, as the sole energy source. After the microorganism had oxidized some of the ethanol to acetic acid, the unassimilated alcohol and produced acetic acid were isolated from the supernatant. Carbon isotopic analyses of these compounds and the starting ethanol show: (1) the methyl carbon of the starting alcohol is enriched in carbon-13 by 4.6% relative to the hydroxyl carbon, (2) the starting alcohol contains 2% less carbon-13 than the unassimilated ethanol and (3) the carboxyl carbon of the acetic acid excreted by the A. suboxydans is enriched by 3.8% in carbon-13 relative to the methyl carbon. These results support earlier findings which indicate that organisms preferentially utilize compounds enriched in carbon-12 and tend to concentrate carbon-12 in the reduced carbons relative to the oxidized carbons of metabolic products.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: 2′- and 3′-lysylphosphatidylglycerol are obtained as pure isomers and can be distinguished spectroscopically (infrared, 100 and 300 MHZ NMR).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The equivalent conductances of formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, valeric acid, hexanoic acid and isobutyric acid have been measured as functions of pressure up to 1200 bar as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The equivalent conductances of formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, valeric acid, hexanoic acid, isobutyric acid, and isovaleric acid have been measured as functions of pressure up to 1200 bar. Equilibrium constants were then calculated, and from the pressure dependence of the equilibrium constants the volumes of ionization were calculated. It is shown for the homologous series that the volume of ionization has a constant value for butyric acid and the higher homologues, and that the partial molal expansibility has the same value for all of the carboxylic acids studied.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Pyridine removes the elements of mercury(II) acetate from the salt (16) to give the derivative (21), which is also converted into the acetate by hot acetic acid, into the methylpropenyl derivative (12) by dimethyl sulphoxide, and into the ester (17) by diazomethane.
Abstract: Acetoxymercury(II)(2S)-3-acetoxymercurio(II)thio-2-{(1R,5S)-3-benzyl-6-oxo-2-oxa-4,7-diazabicyclo[3.2.0]-hept-3-en-7-yl}-3-methylbutanoate (16) is formed when potassium benzylpenicillinate (1) is added to mercury(II) acetate in acetic acid. The salt (16) is converted into (3S, 4S)-4-acetoxy-1-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)-3-phenylacetamidoazetidin-2-one (6) by hot acetic acid, into (1R,5S)-3-benzyl-7-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)-2-oxa-4,7-diazabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-3-en-6-one (10) by dimethyl sulphoxide, and into methyl (2S)-2-{(1R,5S)-3-benzyl-6-oxo-2-oxa-4,7-diazabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-3-en-7-yl}-3-mercapto-3-methylbutanoate (15) by diazomethane. Pyridine removes the elements of mercury(II) acetate from the salt (16) to give the derivative (21).Potassium phenoxymethylpenicillinate (2) undergoes an analogous reaction in the presence of mercury(II) acetate and acetic acid to give the salt (18). This derivative is also converted into the acetate (7) by hot acetic acid, into the methylpropenyl derivative (12) by dimethyl sulphoxide, into the ester (17) by diazomethane, and into the salt (22) by pyridine.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: PtCl42- is shown to be an active catalyst for both exchange and oxidation reactions as discussed by the authors, and the structures of possible intermediates in these latter reactions are discussed in this paper.
Abstract: PtCl62- reacts with benzene and substituted benzenes in aqueous acetic acid to give PtCl42-, chlorinated aromatic compound and a smaller yield of dimer. In deuterated solvent extensive hydrogen isotope exchange occurs in both substrate and chlorinated product. PtCl42- is shown to be an active catalyst for both exchange and oxidation reactions. Chlorobenzene is chlorinated predominantly in the meta and para positions with approximately equal activity. These data together with results from the effect of substituents indicate that metal catalysed chlorination is not determined by electronic factors but by steric considerations, in marked contrast to electrophilic chlorination. Similarly, PtBr42- is a catalyst for bromination of benzene when the compound is treated with PtBr62-. Exchange and chlorination occur via common intermediates and it is proposed that -complexes between aromatic and PtCl42- are involved. Analogous chlorination, with PtCl62-, of cyclohexane and the side chain of certain alkylbenzenes has also been observed. The structures of possible intermediates in these latter reactions are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone was used as a proton acceptor for a mixture of aromatic compounds containing hydroxyl and carboxyl groups.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a cyclo-octa-1,5-diene by PdCl2-Pb-(OAc)4 in acetic acid gave as main product a 2,6-diacetoxybicyclo[3,3,0]octane which X-ray crystal analysis showed to be exclusively the di-endo-isomer.
Abstract: Oxidation of cyclo-octa-1,5-diene by PdCl2–Pb-(OAc)4 in acetic acid gave as main product a 2,6-diacetoxybicyclo[3,3,0]octane which X-ray crystal analysis showed to be exclusively the di-endo-isomer.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The photo-induced reaction of cyclic α,β-unsaturated ketones with protic media is described in this paper, and the possible existence of trans-2-cyclohexenone is discussed.
Abstract: The photo-induced reaction of cyclic α,β-unsaturated ketones with protic media is described. The irradiation of 2-cycloheptenone or 2-cyclooctenone in various protic solvents (alcohols, acetic acid, water, and diethylamine) results in the formation of Michael-type solvent adducts. The chemically-reactive species have been demonstrated to be the highly strained trans isomers in a ground state. The irradiation of cis-2-cyclononenone affords the stable trans isomer, which reacts in the dark with methyl alcohol at an elevated temperature to give 3-methoxycyclononanone. The irradiation of 2-cyclohexenone in methyl alcohol yields 3-methoxycyclohexanone in a poor yield. The possible existence of trans-2-cyclohexenone is discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Aromatic compounds undergo a clean, predominantly meta-directing acetoxylation with potassium peroxydisulphate in glacial acetic acid, using PdII complexes with amines as catalysts as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Aromatic compounds undergo a clean, predominantly meta-directing acetoxylation with potassium peroxydisulphate in glacial acetic acid, using PdII complexes with amines as catalysts.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and molecular sieve chromatography on controlled pore glass (CPG-10-500) without prior reduction of disulfide linkages of the proteins.
Abstract: By extraction of wheat flour with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution at pH 6.8, about 76% of the total flour nitrogen solubilized into clear supernatant. This solvent was more effective for extraction of wheat protein than 0.01 m acetic acid, aluminium lactate-lactic acid buffer (pH 3.1), AUC-solvent (0.1 m acetic acid, 3 m urea and 0.01 m cetyltrimethyl-ammomum bromide) and 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid lithium salt etc. The molecular weight distribution of the SDS-soluble proteins was studied by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by molecular sieve chromatography on controlled pore glass (CPG–10–500) without prior reduction of disulfide linkages of the proteins. Most of the SDS-soluble proteins had molecular weight of less than 75,000, suggesting single-chained proteins. A small amount of relatively high molecular weight proteins which contained intermolecular disulfide linkages was also detected in the gel of electrophoresis, while high molecular weight protein which did not migrate into gel matr...


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Thiolysis of an O-dinitrophenyl-tyrosyl peptide results in an increased solubility in the stationary phase of a n-butanol – acetic acid – water – pyridine molecule.
Abstract: Thiolysis of an O-dinitrophenyl-tyrosyl peptide results in an increased solubility in the stationary phase of a n-butanol – acetic acid – water – pyridine (15:3:12:10) (BAWP) paper chromatographic ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the reaction of 1,2-dihydronaphthalene, indene, and acenaphthylene with phenylpalladium chloride prepared in situ from phenylmercuric chloride and lithium chloropalladate in aqueous acetone afforded 2-phenyltetrarol, 2phenylindanol, and 2 -phenylacenaphthenol respectively, accompanying by corresponding phenylated olefins.
Abstract: The reaction of 1,2-dihydronaphthalene, indene, and acenaphthylene with phenylpalladium chloride prepared in situ from phenylmercuric chloride and lithium chloropalladate in aqueous acetone afforded 2-phenyltetrarol, 2-phenylindanol, and 2-phenylacenaphthenol respectively, accompanying by the corresponding phenylated olefins. Acetoxyphenylation products were also obtained in the reactions in acetic acid. The configurations of these oxyphenylated compounds were determined to be trans.

Patent
16 Oct 1974
TL;DR: In this article, a method of and a bath composition for conditioning the surface of an aluminum alloy article to substantially increase the adhesion to the conditioned surface of subsequently applied electrodeposited surface layer is presented.
Abstract: A method of and a bath composition for conditioning the surface of an aluminum alloy article to substantially increase the adhesion to the conditioned surface of subsequently applied electrodeposited surface layer. More specifically the surface of the article is anodized in a solution having three components, i.e. phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and an organic acid selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, hydroxy acetic acid and amino acetic acid (glycine). The anodizing operation typically is followed by a nickel strike deposit, and this deposit may be subsequently electroplated under conventional operating conditions.