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Showing papers on "Acetone published in 2009"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study presents a general method of blocking acetone production by Clostridium and demonstrates the industrial potential of strain 2018adc, which resulted in an increased butanol ratio of 82% and a corresponding improvement in the overall yield of butanol from 57% to 70.8%.

249 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the acid-catalysed reaction of glycerol with aqueous formaldehyde and acetone in absence of solvents and using heterogeneous catalysts was studied.

215 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the acid-rich phase of bio-oil was upgraded via ketonic condensation over weak base catalysts, and the effects of water and three model components (phenol, p-methoxyphenol and frufural) on acid transformation over four CeO2-based catalysts were investigated.
Abstract: In this paper, we proposed a novel method to upgrade the acid-rich phase of bio-oil via ketonic condensation over weak base catalysts. Most acetic acid could be transformed to acetone in model reactions, and CeO2 was proved to be suitable as an active phase for catalyzing this reaction. The effects of water and three model components (phenol, p-methoxyphenol, and frufural) on acid transformation over four CeO2-based catalysts were investigated. As a result, with feeds containing water and phenols with liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) of 4 cm3 g−1 h−1, this reaction could proceed efficiently and adequately. However, furfural deactivated catalysts significantly, and therefore, furans must be treated before this transformation.

119 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The calculated results indicate that PC is initially oxidized on the cathode to a radical cation intermediate, PC(*+), and then decomposes through three pathways, generating carbon dioxide CO(2) and radical cations.
Abstract: The detailed oxidative decomposition mechanism of propylene carbonate (PC) in the lithium ion battery is investigated using density functional theory (DFT) at the level of B3LYP/6-311++G(d), both in the gas phase and in solvent. The calculated results indicate that PC is initially oxidized on the cathode to a radical cation intermediate, PC(*+), and then decomposes through three pathways, generating carbon dioxide CO(2) and radical cations. These radical cations prefer to be reduced on the anode or by gaining one electron from PC, forming propanal, acetone, or relevant radicals. The radicals terminate by forming final products, including trans-2-ethyl-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, cis-2-ethyl-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, and 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane. Among all the products, acetone is most easily formed. The calculations in this paper give detailed explanations of the experimental findings that have been reported in the literature and clarify the role of intermediate propylene oxide in PC decomposition. Propylene oxide is one of the important intermediates. As propylene oxide is formed, it isomerizes forming a more stabile product, acetone.

106 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the removal of two volatile organic compounds (propane and isopropyl alcohol) by a nanosecond pulsed corona discharge serially combined with Al2O3-MnO2 catalytic post-treatment has been investigated in air at atmospheric pressure and room temperature.
Abstract: The removal of two volatile organic compounds (propane and isopropyl alcohol) by a nanosecond pulsed corona discharge serially combined with Al2O3–MnO2 catalytic post-treatment has been investigated in air at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. The degradation mechanism of VOCs in the non-thermal plasma is a serious problem: several hazardous organic compounds (acetone and formaldehyde) are produced, and the formation yield of CO is higher than CO2. The high concentration of ozone (up to 800 ppm) produced in the corona discharge can be used to further oxidize the VOCs on the catalyst. The efficient decomposition of O3 on MnO2 at ambient temperature leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species susceptible to react with residual pollutants in the effluent. This results in a significant increase of VOCs destruction and removal efficiency. Moreover, the catalytic post-treatment greatly enhances the conversion of propane into CO2. The study of ozone-promoted decomposition mechanism of C3H8 on the catalyst has shown that organic by-products are adsorbed and gradually oxidized on the surface. However, concerning isopropyl alcohol, the oxidation remains incomplete: the formation yield of acetone increases after catalytic post-treatment, and the concentration of carbon oxides remains very low. The treatment of immobilized C3H7OH by ozone could be an alternative technique. Finally, the influence of the gas composition on the decomposition rate of ozone was also investigated.

81 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a corn stalk was used as a support to immobilize Clostridia beijerinckii ATCC 55025 in the fermentation process of acetone, butanol, and ethanol production.
Abstract: Corn stalk was used as a support to immobilize Clostridia beijerinckii ATCC 55025 in the fermentation process of acetone, butanol, and ethanol production. The effect of the dilution rate on solvent production was examined in a steady-state 20-day continuous flow operation. The maximum total solvent concentration of 8.99 g l(-1) was obtained at a dilution rate of 0.2 h(-1). Increasing the dilution rate between 0.2 and 1.0 h(-1) resulted in an increased solvent productivity, and the highest solvent productivity was obtained at 5.06 g l(-1) h(-1) with a dilution rate of 1 h(-1). The maximum solvent yield from glucose of 0.32 g g(-1) was observed at 0.25 h(-1). The cell adsorption and morphology change during the growth on corn stalk support were examined by the SEM.

73 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that dried solid-state fermented solids produced by seven thermotolerant fungal strains can be used for a broad range of lipase reactions, and showed a high relative activity in aprotic polar solvents.
Abstract: Dried solid-state fermented solids (biocatalysts) produced by seven thermotolerant fungal strains were tested for lipase activity and stability in organic solvents. Two strains of Rhizopus sp. (19 and 43a) produced biocatalysts (L-19 and L-43a) that showed high lipase activities (74 and 72 U/g of dry matter, respectively) comparable to Lipozyme ® RM IM (118 U/g DM). The use of the dipole moment of the organic solvents along with their classification based on the functional groups (non-polar, protic polar, aprotic polar) allowed the establishment of four different relative activity profiles for the seven biocatalysts evaluated. Compared to a biocatalyst not exposed to the organic solvent (100% relative activity), all biocatalysts showed a high relative activity (greater than 90%) in aprotic polar solvents (acetonitrile, acetone and ethyl acetate), whereas in protic polar solvents (ethanol and i -propanol) activity was reduced (lower than 40%). In addition, the incubation of biocatalysts L-19 and L-43a in i -amyl alcohol increased lipase activity in the synthesis of ethyl oleate 3.36 and 1.46 times, respectively. L-19 activity also increased after incubation in toluene (2.0 times), i -propanol (1.5 times) and acetonitrile (1.3 times) at temperatures from 30 to 50 °C. The results suggest that these biocatalysts can be used for a broad range of lipase reactions.

65 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Chaoquan Hu1, Qingshan Zhu1, Zheng Jiang1, Lin Chen1, Rongfang Wu1 
TL;DR: In this paper, the structural characteristics of the catalysts were investigated by specific surface area, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Xray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR).

59 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the selective extraction of ethanol by pervaporation through a POMS (polyoctylmethyl siloxane) hydrophobic membrane supplied by GKKS (Germany) was investigated.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: In this work, the selective extraction of ethanol by pervaporation through a POMS (polyoctylmethyl siloxane) hydrophobic membrane supplied by GKKS (Germany) was investigated. First, binary ethanol aqueous solutions were studied considering the effect of ethanol feed concentration (0–11 wt%) and operating temperature (307.55–326.35 K). The effect of some by-products of the ethanol fermentation, such as glycerol, succinic acid, butanol and acetone, on the pervaporation performance has been analyzed. RESULTS: For binary ethanol aqueous solutions, it was found that water permeation flux remained more or less constant while ethanol permeation flux increased continuously when increasing ethanol feed concentration. However, water and ethanol permeances did not change much in the concentration and temperature range studied. It was observed that the addition of glycerol and succinic acid sharply decreased the total permeation flux while ethanol concentration in the permeate was hardly affected. The addition of butanol and acetone resulted in a lower separation factor for ethanol through the POMS membrane. CONCLUSIONS: For ethanol aqueous solutions the POMS membrane was found to be selective towards ethanol, although it does not present higher separation factors than distillation in the concentration range covered in this work. The presence of other components of the fermentation broth has a great influence in the pervaporation behavior. Further work must be done on the study of multicomponent and real mixtures. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry

55 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the photocatalytic degradation rate for acetone degradation corresponds to the films composed by a binary mixture of TiO2 and ZrO2, which is very likely related to the higher specific surface of the samples containing Zr.

53 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of molecular structure on the catalytic behavior of bio-oil components in the steam-reforming reactions were presented, showing that an increased number of hydroxyl groups suppressed the generation of CH4 while promoting the production of CO and coke deposits.
Abstract: This paper presents the effects of molecular structure on the catalytic behavior of bio-oil components in the steam-re-forming reactions. Methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, butanol, 2-propanol, 1,2-propanediol, glycerol, propionaldehyde, acetone, and propionic acid were used as model compounds. Steam re-forming of the alcohols with a long carbon chain was relatively difficult and yielded large amounts of CH4 and coke deposits. An increased number of hydroxyl groups in the alcohols suppressed the generation of CH4 while promoting the production of CO and coke deposits. Furthermore, the location of the hydroxyl group also impacted both the product distribution and carbon deposition in the re-forming process. The type of functional group significantly affected steam re-forming as well. Alcohol steam re-forming tended to produce a significant amount of CH4, while aldehyde (propionaldehyde) steam re-forming produced only small amounts of CH4 and other organic byproducts. Severe coke deposition was encountered in t...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Using a laser monitoring observation technique, the solubilities of butanedioic acid in water, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-pro panol, acetone, and ethanoic acid were determined by the synthetic method at temperatures between 283 K and 333 K.
Abstract: Using a laser monitoring observation technique, the solubilities of butanedioic acid in water, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, acetone, and ethanoic acid were determined by the synthetic method at temperatures between 283 K and 333 K. A laser technique is used to determine the disappearance of solute particles. The experimental data can be well correlated by a semiempirical equation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The use of a zeolite membrane to remove water formed during the reaction gives rise to a significant improvement in the achievable glycerol conversion with a reduction in the excess of acetone needed because of the low equilibrium constant.
Abstract: Solketal, a valuable green solvent, has been produced from glycerol and acetone in a catalytic system, using K10 montmorillonite as a heterogeneous catalyst. The use of a zeolite membrane to remove water formed during the reaction gives rise to a significant improvement in the achievable glycerol conversion with a reduction in the excess of acetone needed because of the low equilibrium constant. Several zeolite membranes are compared, showing that the quality of the membrane is a key factor for this improvement, and that water/acetone separation is more difficult to achieve than the commonly used ethanol/water separation test. This method is compatible with a mixture of glycerol and fatty esters, showing the possible future application in an integrated system of biodiesel and solketal production. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the interaction of acetone (CH3COCH3), the simplest ketone, with well ordered CeO2(111) thin film surfaces was reported. But the results of the experiments were limited.
Abstract: This study reports the interaction of acetone (CH3COCH3), the simplest ketone, with well ordered CeO2(111) thin film surfaces. The fully oxidized CeO2(111) surface shows a weak interaction with acetone with the sole desorption product (TPD) being acetone at 210 K. The chemisorbed molecule binds to the surface as the η1-acetone species rather than through a bridge-bonded dioxy-configuration. Exposure of a CeO2(111) surface to acetone at 600K removes oxygen as CO and results in the conversion of Ce4+ to Ce3+. Acetone chemisorbs strongly on reduced CeO2−x(111) with molecular acetone desorbing near 500 K. Decomposition also occurs with H2 desorbing between 450 and 600 K and C reacting with O in the ceria to desorb above 650 K. A stable species exists from 200 to 500 K on the reduced surface that has three unique types of C. High resolution C 1s XPS spectra indicate these are Ce−CH2, C−CH3 and C−O species. C k-edge NEXAFS indicates the presence of C═C and C═O bonds. It is postulated that the intermediate is a ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a bi-functional mesoporous silica material, containing both carboxylic acid and amino groups, acts as a catalyst for the reaction between aldehydes and carbon nucleophiles.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The sensitivity of the normal picrate method for determination of total cyanide in cassava was increased tenfold using a small 1 cm 2 picrate paper, eluted using 0.5mL instead of 5mL of water as in the normal method.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the inhibition of the corrosion of zinc by acetone extract of red onion skin in hydrochloric acid solutions has been studied using weight loss method and the results reveal that different concentrations of the extract inhibit zinc corrosion.
Abstract: The inhibition of the corrosion of zinc by acetone extract of red onion skin in hydrochloric acid solutions has been studied using weight loss method. The results of the study reveal that different concentrations of the extract inhibit zinc corrosion. Inhibition efficiency of the extract is found to vary with concentration and temperature. The active component in red onion skin is quercetin. Acetone extract of red onion skin could serve as an effective and non-toxic inhibitor of the corrosion of zinc in hydrochloric acid solution. Key words: Corrosion inhibition, zinc, weight loss, red onion skin, hydrochloric acid.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the removal of a volatile organic compound (VOC) from high viscous liquid was carried out in a rotating packed bed (RPB) in a study.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a high concentration (1.5 × 106 cm−3) TiO2 aerosol of the average particle size 0.5μm was generated by a sonic method inside a 0.1m3 Plexiglas chamber and applied for the adsorptive and adsorsorptive-photocatalytic purification of air from vapors of acetone and chemical agents' model dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP).
Abstract: A high concentration (1.5 × 106 cm−3) TiO2 aerosol of the average particle size 0.5 μm was generated by a sonic method inside 0.1 m3 Plexiglas chamber and applied for the adsorptive and adsorptive-photocatalytic purification of air from vapors of acetone and chemical agents’ model dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP). The adsorptive capture of acetone over the TiO2 aerosol results in establishing equilibrium adsorption state and is limited by the rate of the aerosol admission into the chamber. A model derived from the Langmuir isotherm describes well the acetone concentration vs. aerosol mass curve and allows obtaining the adsorption constant and monolayer coverage of acetone in a 10 min experiment. The UV irradiation of TiO2 aerosol accelerates dramatically the purification from acetone at the high relative humidity (RH) of the air. Increased RH of air decreases the rate of the acetone adsorption but has a little positive effect on the rate of photocatalytic oxidation of acetone over aerosol particles. The DMMP adsorption over TiO2 aerosol is accompanied by the immediate (τ

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is pointed out that currently no existing acetone model can qualitatively reproduce the phase behavior of acetone-water mixtures, i.e., the well known experimental fact that acetone is miscible with water in any proportion.
Abstract: The Helmholtz free energy of neat water, neat acetone, and acetone-water mixtures of various compositions covering the acetone mole fraction range of 0.02-0.26 is calculated at 300 K by computer simulation using the method of thermodynamic integration. In the calculations the mixtures of Kirkwood-Buff force field (KBFF) acetone with both TIP4P and SPC/E water are considered. The Helmholtz free energy of mixing calculated from the free energy difference of the mixture and of the two neat phases is found to be positive at each composition considered, indicating that the studied systems are thermodynamically unstable. The range of immiscibility is estimated to extend from the acetone mole fraction value below 0.01 to about 0.28 for both model pairs. Since a previous investigation [A. Perera and F. Sokolic, J. Chem. Phys. 121, 11272 (2004)] showed that, with the exception of SPC/E water and KBFF acetone, acetone-water model pairs exhibit demixing behavior, the present result points out that currently no existing acetone model can qualitatively reproduce the phase behavior of acetone-water mixtures, i.e., the well known experimental fact that acetone is miscible with water in any proportion.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was concluded that the most likely reaction mixture is a mixture of the different intermediate products and that the rate determining step is the ring closure.
Abstract: Triacetone triperoxide (TATP) has been prepared in order to study the effect of pH and temperature on the reaction kinetics. Raman spectra of liquid mixtures of acetone and hydrogen peroxide were recorded versus time throughout the experiments. The spectral data of the liquid phases indicate that at 25 degrees C the reaction between acetone and hydrogen peroxide proceeds to form intermediates within one day. Based on the assumption that a likely reaction path involves a sequence of reaction steps between acetone and hydrogen peroxide, calculations of Raman spectra were performed using a density functional theory (DFT)/Hartree-Fock approach. It was not possible from this to assess with certainty which intermediate products formed most extensively in an acetone/hydrogen peroxide mixture. However, it was concluded that the most likely reaction mixture is a mixture of the different intermediate products and that the rate determining step is the ring closure. The reaction rate of TATP formation was found to increase with temperature and with sulfuric acid additions to the acetone/hydrogen peroxide mixture. By correlation of the induction time of TATP crystallization against pH it was shown that the reaction rate is first order with respect to the H+ concentration. Raman spectra of the precipitates from mixtures were in agreement with previous studies done for TATP, except in one case in which a crystal crystallized at 343 K had a distinctly different Raman spectrum. Comparison with calculated spectra revealed that the crystal produced could be diacetone diperoxide (DADP) or tetraacetone tetraperoxide (TrATrP). Single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that the crystal crystallized at 343 K was DADP.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a CO2-expanded acetone was used for the esterification of palmitic acid and glucose by Novozyme 435, and a new mechanism for the removal of water as a byproduct of the reaction was discussed, which is due to the multi-phase distribution of acetone-CO2-water-glucose system.
Abstract: Esterification of palmitic acid and glucose by Novozyme 435 was performed in CO2-expanded acetone. The study included investigating key process parameters such as pressure, temperature, concentrations of substrate and enzyme. An amount of acetone up to 3% (v/v) is required to ensure that the reaction takes place in an expanded liquid phase. A good esterification performance could be found with 30 wt.% enzyme related to the amount of dissolved fatty acid at an optimum temperature of 50 °C and a pressure of 65 bar. Additionally, a new mechanism for the removal of water as a by-product of the reaction is discussed, which is due to the multi-phase distribution of acetone–CO2–water–glucose system.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Acetone was the superior solvent to methanol for most of the tested model proteins reaching similar sequence coverage and numbers of identified peptides as acetonitrile, and is proposed as an alternative to acetone in LC/MS of peptides.
Abstract: Acetonitrile as a solvent used in liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) of peptides and proteins is a relatively toxic solvent (LD50 oral; rat; 2,460 mg/kg) compared to alternatives like methanol (LD50 oral; rat; 5,628 mg/kg) and acetone (LD50 oral; rat; 5,800 mg/kg). Strategies to minimize its consumption in LC are either to reduce the inner diameter of the column or replace acetonitrile with a suitable alternative. Methanol is often recommended to replace acetonitrile in peptide analysis. In this study however, the main focus lies on another alternative solvent for LC/MS of peptides; acetone. A number of model proteins were tryptically digested and the peptide solutions were analyzed on a linear trap quadrupole (LTQ) mass spectrometer. The performances of acetonitrile, methanol and acetone were compared according to the quality of the chromatograms obtained and identification of the peptides using the BioWorks software developed by Thermo Scientific. In accordance to the elutropic series, acetone was found to significantly reduce the retention times of peptides separated by C18 column material with regard to acetonitrile while methanol led to increased retention times. Acetone was the superior solvent to methanol for most of the tested model proteins reaching similar sequence coverage and numbers of identified peptides as acetonitrile. We therefore propose acetone as an alternative to acetonitrile in LC/MS of peptides.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the solubility of fumaric acid in propan-2-ol, ethanol, acetone, and propan 1-ol was measured by a synthetic method at temperatures ranging from (279 to 352) K at atmospheric pressure.
Abstract: The solubility of fumaric acid in propan-2-ol, ethanol, acetone, and propan-1-ol was measured by a synthetic method at temperatures ranging from (279 to 352) K at atmospheric pressure. The laser monitoring observation technique was used to determine the disappearance of the solid phase in a solid + liquid mixture. The results of these measurements were correlated by a modified Apelblat equation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of the cationic surfactant (i.e., CPC), anionic surfactants (e.g., SDS) and neutral surfactors (e., TX-100) have been studied.
Abstract: Vanadium (V) oxidation of propan-2-ol shows a first-order dependency on the concentrations of propan-2-ol, vanadium (V), H+ and . These observations remain unaltered in the presence of externally added surfactant. The effects of the cationic surfactant (i.e. CPC), anionic surfactant (i.e. SDS) and neutral surfactant (i.e. TX-100) have been studied. CPC inhibits the reactions whereas SDS and TX-100 accelerate the reaction to different extents. Observed effects have been explained by considering the hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions between the surfactants and reactants. SDS and TX-100 can be used as catalysts in the production of acetone from propan-2-ol.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The TiO2/zeolite catalytic adsorbent could have a high potential for the removal of multiple air pollutants in the indoor air environment.
Abstract: This study delineates a simple and versatile approach for the removal of nitrogen monoxide (NO) and volatile organic vapors over composites of titanium dioxide (TiO2) catalyst/zeolite adsorbent under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at ambient temperature. The catalytic adsorbents with different TiO2/H-ZSM-5 zeolite ratios were prepared by a simple insipient wetness impregnation method. It was found that a 60%/40% weight ratio of TiO2/H-ZSM-5 composite is most effective and can achieve over 90% efficiency for the removal of NO and acetone vapors. This composite also showed a better long-term activity than that of bulk TiO2 photocatalyst or zeolite adsorbent. The experimental results revealed that photocatalytic decomposition of NO was dramatically enhanced in the presence of acetone. NO also promoted the acetone oxidation under humid conditions. Furthermore, the co-existence of acetone and NO in the gaseous stream could reduce acid accumulation on the surface of the catalyst as confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Thus, the TiO2/zeolite catalytic adsorbent could have a high potential for the removal of multiple air pollutants in the indoor air environment.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The reduced form of hydrogenase was found to be much more sensitive to action of these organic solvents than the enzyme being in oxidized state.

Patent
28 May 2009
TL;DR: In this article, a method for the synthesis of biologically sourced methyl methacrylate is described, which is characterized in that at least one portion of the carbons thereof is biologically sourced and more specifically, in that it contains between 0.2×10 −10 and 1.2 × 10 −10 wt.-% of 14 C in relation to total carbon weight according to ASTM D6866 standard.
Abstract: The invention relates to methyl methacrylate characterized in that at least one portion of the carbons thereof is biologically sourced and, more specifically, in that it contains between 0.2×10 −10 and 1.2×10 −10 wt.-% of 14 C in relation to total carbon weight according to the ASTM D6866 standard. The preparation method comprises the use of acetone cyanohydrin as a raw material, said acetone cyanohydrin being obtained by condensing cyanohydric acid on acetone, and the methyl methacrylate is prepared using a process involving the addition of methanol. According to the invention, at least one from among the acetone, cyanohydric acid and methanol is obtained by means of a reaction or series of reactions involving the biomass.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the adsorption of tert-butyl hydroperoxide over zirconia, alumina, vanadia-zirconias and vanadia−alumina catalysts from gas phase has been investigated by FT-IR spectroscopy.
Abstract: The adsorption of tert-butyl hydroperoxide over zirconia, alumina, vanadia–zirconia and vanadia–alumina catalysts from gas phase has been investigated by FT-IR spectroscopy. The formation of surface tert-butylperoxide species has been observed. These species give rise to different kinds of transformation, producing surface tert-butoxide, formate, acetate and acetone species, to which correspond gas-phase acetone, methanol, isobutene, water and (probably) oxygen. Surface vanadyl species are involved in this chemistry and enhance the rate of these reactions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the solubility of 3-chlorophthalic anhydride and 4 -chlorophthalic acid in water was measured using Schreinemaker's wet residue method at temperatures ranging from (283.15 to 333.15) K at atmospheric pressure.
Abstract: The solubility of 3-chlorophthalic anhydride and 4-chlorophthalic anhydride in ethyl acetate, acetone, and 1,4-dioxane and the solubility of 3-chlorophthalic acid and 4-chlorophthalic acid in water were measured using Schreinemaker’s wet residue method at temperatures ranging from (283.15 to 333.15) K at atmospheric pressure. Results of these measurements were correlated with the modified Apelblat equation.