Showing papers on "Acrylic acid published in 1989"

Golf ball cover of neutralized poly(ethylene-acrylic acid) copolymer

Abstract: An improved golf ball comprising a core and a cover therefor, said cover comprises singularly or blends of a zinc neutralized ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer and a sodium neutralized ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer, or a blend of two or more zinc-neutralized ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers and a sodium-neutralized ethylene acrylic acid copolymer.

Formation of acrylic acid from lactic acid in supercritical water

Abstract: Supercritical (SC) water is an unusual medium in which fast and specific heterolytic reactions can be conducted at temperatures as high as 400{degree}C. In supercritical water, lactic acid decomposes into gaseous and liquid products via three primary reaction pathways. Products of the acid-catalyzed heterolytic decarbonylation pathway are carbon monoxide, water, and acetaldehyde. Products of the homolytic, decarboxylation pathway are carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and acetaldehyde. Products of the heterolytic, dehydration pathway are acrylic acid and water. The intramolecular nucleophilic displacement of the {alpha}-hydroxyl by the carbonyl group of lactic acid, producing {alpha}-propiolactone as an unstable intermediate which subsequently rearranges to become the unsaturated acid, is a likely mechanism for acrylic acid formation, although an intramolecular E2 elimination initiated by attack of the carbonyl oxygen on a methyl hydrogen cannot be ruled out. Support for the former mechanism comes in part from the observed 100% relative yield of acrylic acid from {beta}-propiolactone in SC water.

Polymer encapsulated staionary phases: Advantages, properties and selectivities

Abstract: By copolymerization of vinyl modified silica with acrylic acid derivatives stationary phases with imporved stability and optimum performance for the separation of basic solutes, can be prepared in a reproducible way. With a film thickness of around 1 nm the surface silanols are completely shielded but column performance is not decreased by slow mass transfer in the polymeric film. The stability of these polymer encapsulated silica based stationary phases is superior to that of conventional silanized phases in respect of column lifetime and stability at high pH values. By modification of the acrylic acid derivative cation-and anion exchanger, polar phases and chiral stationary phases of high enantioselectivity have been prepared.

Nonionically and partially anionically stabilized water-dispersible polyurethane/acrylic graft copolymers

Abstract: Water-dilutable polyurethane/acrylic copolymers which may be either completely nonionically stabilized or partically nonionically and partically anionically stabilized comprise the reaction product of an ethylenically terminated polyurethane macromonomer containing poly(oxyalklyene) segments and one or more ethylencially unsaturated monomers selected from acrylic acid, methacruylic acid, fumaric acid, styrene, vintyltoluene, and alkyl and hydroxyalkyl esters of acrylic, methacrylic, and furamic acids The copolymers are useful as principal resins and as pigment grind resins in water-borne automotive base coat paint formulations

Gelatin with hydrophilic/hydrophobic grafts and glutaraldehyde crosslinks†

Abstract: Acrylic monomers were graft copolymerized onto gelatin chains using potassium persulfate in aqueous medium. The graft copolymers were then treated with glutaraldehyde to establish crosslinks between gelatin macromolecules. This yielded a rigid water insoluble protein network sporting grafted chains at random. The chemistry of the acrylic monomer decided the hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties of the ultimate product. This paper describes the preparation and properties of such grafted, crosslinked gelatins.

Production of copolymer latex

Abstract: PURPOSE: To obtain a copolymer latex free from fine coagulum, exhibiting excellent mechanical stability, adhesive strength, etc., and suitable as a binder for a coating composition for coated paper by carrying out emulsion- polymerization of a specific monomer in the presence of a specific polymer chain transfer agent. CONSTITUTION: The objective latex can be producod by the emulsion-polymerization of monomers composod of (A) 10-80wt.% of a conjugated diene monomer (e.g. butadiene), (B) 20-89.5wt.% of an ethylenic unsatnrated monomer (e.g. styrene) and (C) 0-10wt.% of an ethylenic unsaturated carhoxylic acid monomer (e.g. acrylic acid) in the presence of a-methylstyrene dimer or one or more compounds selected from terpinolene, a-terpinene, etc. As an alternative method, the latex can be produced by the emulsion-polymerization of monomers composed of 10-60wt.% of the component A, 20-89.4wt.% of the component B, 0.5-10wt.% of the component C and (D) 0.1-10wt.% of an ethylenic nnsatnrated amine mono mer in the presence of n methylstyrene dimer or one or more compounds selected from terpinolene, a terpinene, etc. COPYRIGHT: (C)1991,JPO&Japio

Copolymers as thickeners and modifiers for latex systems

Abstract: A thickened aqueous copolymer solution useful for thickening and improving the properties of latex systems comprising a copolymer having as monomeric units: about 79-99 percent of a (meth)acrylic acid salt of sodium, potassium, or ammonium; about 0-20 percent of (meth)acrylic acid; about 0-20 percent of a lower alkyl ester of (meth)acrylic acid; about 1-21 percent of surfactant units selected from the urea reaction product of a monoethylenically unsaturated monoisocyanate with a nonionic surfactant having amine functionality; and about 0-1 percent of a copolymerizable polyethylenically unsatured monomer, said percentages being by weight based on the total weight of monomeric units in said copolymer.

Ester of (meth-)acrylic acid containing perfluor alkyl groups, their preparation and use in dentistry

Abstract: Macromonomeric (meth)acrylic esters containing fluoroalkyl groups, of the general formula wherein R is identical or different and is a hydrogen or fluorine radical, R is identical or different and is a hydrogen or methyl radical, a has a value of 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, c has a value of 2, 3 or 4, b has an average value of 2 to 30, n has an average value of 4 to 12 and m has an average value of 3 to 14. The compounds can be used in dentistry, preferably as relining material for dentures. The esters have reduced solubility and increased mechanical strength after hardening and adhere to poly(methyl methacrylate) which has already hardened.

Hydrogel-forming wound dressing or skin coating material.

Abstract: The invention disclosed is a hydrogel-forming wound dressing or skin coating material suitable for household and veterinary use, consisting substantially entirely of wound-compatible and skin-compatible ingredients and comprising a first hydrophilic polymer, selected from polymers or copolymers of acrylic acid, polymers or copolymers of methacrylic acid, polymers or copolymers of itaconic acid, polymers or copolymers of maleic acid and polymers or copolymers of 3-butene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, or combinations thereof, a second hydrophilic polymer which is capable of interacting with the first polymer to produce, upon drying, a hydrogel of improved water resistance and film forming properties relative to the first polymer alone and water. This material is film forming and substantially transparent but capable of being made opaque.

Crosslinked polyacrylic acid

Abstract: Polycarbophil or crosslinked acrylic acid polymer is prepared in a solvent selected from acetone, alkyl acetates, and mixtures thereof, in the presence of an effective amount of divinyl glycol crosslinker, and in the presence of an effective amount of a suitable initiator allowing for polymerization to proceed at a temperature below 100°C at atmospheric pressure. The polymer produced has average particle size of less than 10 microns without grinding, its viscosity is greater than about 50,000 cps when measured in water at 1% concentration, and it adheres to mucous membranes. By preparing the polymer in a non-aqueous solvent, the need for aqueous washing is avoided and the subsequent and enormous swelling of the polymer is avoided which means that prolonged and excessive drying inherent in the known processes is avoided.

Stain resistant polymeric composition

Abstract: A stain resistant composition for fibers having polyamide linkages prepared by polymerizing an α-substituted acrylic acid or ester in the presence of a sulfonated aromatic formaldehyde condensation polymer, and methods for making and applying the composition.

Latex fusion bonded pile carpets and carpet tile

Abstract: A fusion bonded carpet (199) with a latex formulation pile yarn backing adhesive (36) which includes vinyl acetate-ethylene, ethylene-vinylacetate, styrenebutadiene, latex polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, vinyl acetate acrylic acid or ester, styrene acrylic acid or ester, acrylic or methacrylic acid and their esters, or copolymers of these compounds.

Hydrocarbon tolerant hair fixing compositions

Abstract: This invention presents two series of novel hair fixing compositions, the first comprising copolymers of acrylates, N-substituted acrylamides and acrylic acid; and the second comprising copolymers of vinyl acetate or propionate, vinyl esters of α-branched carboxylic acids, and alkyl maleates. Such materials, when neutralized with NaOH, KOH, or mixtures of these bases with certain long chain amines, exhibit an enhanced tolerance of non-halogenated hydrocarbons and are particularly useful.

Method for control of scale and inhibition of corrosion in cooling water systems

Abstract: A method for inhibiting scale deposition and the corrosion of metal surfaces in a cooling water system. It comprises a water soluble copolymer consisting of moities of acrylic acid and monohydroxylated alkyl allyl ether, a phosphonate compound, a water soluble zinc salt and, optionally, an azole compound, and/or a water soluble molybdate salt.

FTIR investigation of interactions in blends of PMMA with a styrene/acrylic acid copolymer and their analogs

Abstract: Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to examine the interactions in miscible blends of a styrene (92%)/acrylic acid (8%) copolymer (SAA8) with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) From the residue or interaction spectra and shifts of carbonyl and carboxylic acid stretching bands, it is concluded that there is a significant specific interaction involving hydrogen bonding between the carbonyl groups of the PMMA and the carboxylic groups of the SAA8 Similar FTIR spectra of some low-molecular-weight liquid analogs for the various monomer units of these polymers do not indicate a comparable interaction This explains why direct calorimetry with these compounds fails to model correctly the expected exothermic mixing of the blends Furthermore, the role of the aromatic moiety in the SAA polymer appears to reduce the degree of self-association of the carboxylic acid groups based on results for the model compounds Coupled with molecular rigidity, the above mechanism makes the carboxylic acid units in SAA8 more available for interaction with the PMMA carbonyls

Complex-Forming Polyoxyethylene: Poly(acrylic acid) Interpenetrating Polymer Networks III. Swelling and Mechanochemical Behavior

Abstract: Potentiometric titration, swelling and mechanochemical behavior were studied on complex-forming polyoxyethylene (POE): poly(acrylic acid) (PPA) interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) having equimolar composition. In the IPN, POE associates with PAA at low pH through hydrogen bonding between acidic hydrogens and ether oxygens, but dissociates at high pH. The value of pK is lowest for PAA homopolymer, and increases in the order: equimolar POE: PAA complex, the semi-IPN in which only PAA is crosslinked, and the full-IPN in which both components are crosslinked, reflecting difference in their interpenetrating network structures. The degree of swelling of the full-IPN is dependent on pH with a maximum at pH=9 and decreases with increasing ionic strength. The swelling-deswelling and mechanochemical reactions proceed reversibly for the full-IPN, but irreversibly for the semi-IPN upon changing pH. The mechanochemical reaction of the full-IPN involves at least two distinct processes: One related to reversible association and dissociation of the POE: PAA complex, and the other to viscoelastic creep and recovery of the IPN structure.

Vinyltoluene and styrene copolymers as resins for liquid electrostatic toners

Abstract: A liquid electrostatic developer comprising: (a) a non-polar liquid having a kauributanol value of less than 30; (b) thermoplastic resin particles comprised of a mixture of (1) a polyethylene homopolymer or a copolymer of (i) polyethylene and (ii) acrylic acid, methacrylic acid or the alkyl esters thereof, wherein (ii) comprises 0.1-20 weight percent of said copolymer and (2) a random copolymer of (iii) selected from the group consisting of vinyltoluene and styrene and (iv) selected from the group consisting of butadiene and acrylate, wherein said thermoplastic resin particles are dispersed in said non-polar liquid form; and (c) an ionic or zwitterionic charge director compound which is soluble in said non-polar liquid.

Fluorescence polarization study of the poly(acrylic acid)/poly(ethylene oxide) interpolymer complex in aqueous solution

Abstract: Marquage de l'acide polyacrylique (I) avec de l'acenaphtylene. Dans le complexe, la mobilite de (I) est inhibee

Water absorbent resins

Abstract: Improved water-absorbing, crosslinked acrylate resins are prepared by aqueous polymerization of (A) acrylic acid neutralized 70 to 100 mole percent for example with ammonia and/or caustic alkali and/or an amine; with (B) acrylamide in a mole ratio of 70 to 100 mole percent (A) to 30:0 mole percent (B); (C) styrene, in an amount of 0% to 25% based on the weight of acrylic acid or acrylate; and (D) a water miscible or a water soluble polyvinyl monomer in the presence of (E) a metal oxide, such as titanium dioxide, in an amount of 0.001% to 5% based on the total weight of (A), (B), (C), (D) and (E), such that the amount of (D) is 0.001 to 0.6 weight percent based on the total weight of (A), (B), (C), (D) and (E). In addition, surface treating the water-absorbing crosslinked acrylate resins with a polyquaternary amine substantially further increases both the rate of water absorption and the quantity of water absorbed and retained by the metal oxide-containing resin. The untreated and the surface-treated resins also maintain the necessary "dry feel" required for most applications.

Process for the preparation of a highly water absorptive resin from acrylic resin, epoxy crosslinker and hydrophilic silicate

Abstract: A method for the production of a highly water absorptive resin comprises the steps of neutralizing acrylic acid with alkali metal hydroxide to form an alkali metal acrylate; mixing the alkali metal acrylate, methacrylic acid, a polymerization initiator, and a first crosslinking agent; suspending and dispersing the mixture in an aqueous medium to for an initial mixture; polymerizing the initial mixture to produce a polymerized intermediate, and separating the moisture from the polymerized intermediate by azeotropic distillation to reduce the water content to 15-35% by weight; adding a second crosslinking agent, said second crosslinking agent having two epoxy radicals; and mixing "Syloid" of silicate, to form a highly water absorptive resin.

Surface characterization of hydrophilic functional polymer latex particles

Abstract: Surface characteristics of styrene/acrylamide/acrylic acid copolymer and styrene/2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate/acrylic acid copolymer latexes prepared without emulsifier using potassium persulfate as initiator and their colloidal stabilities were investigated. The negative ζ-potentials decreased with increasing the amount of acrylamide and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate copolymerized. In spite of the increase in surface charge density, the negative ζ-potentials decreased through the maximum with increasing pH. The colloidal stabilities for NaCl concentration were remarkably enhanced with increasing both pH and the amount of acrylamide and 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate. These results suggest that the contration and expansion of water-soluble polymer layer surrounding the particles play an important role in the surface properties.

Formation of polymer‐polymer complexes and blends in the system poly(acrylic acid)‐poly(vinyl methyl ether)

Abstract: The formation of a 1:1 polymer-polymer complex from poly(acrylic acid) and poly(vinyl methyl ether) has been detected by viscosity measurements in aqueous solution, and the glass transition temperature of the isolated complex has been determined. Infrared spectroscopy indicates that specific hydrogen bonding occurs between the components of the complex. Miscible blends of the two polymers can also be formed (at all compositions) and, although hydrogen bonding occurs, the structures of the blends are likely to be dissimilar to that of the complex.

Paint coated sheet material with adhesion promoting composition

Abstract: A protective and decorative, stretchable, thermoplastic sheet material for bonding by thermoforming to automobile body panels and other articles comprises a polyester carrier film coated with an aqueous polyurethane paint composition. By coating the carrier film with a composition comprising an aqueous dispersion of a copolymer of ethylene with an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid such as acrylic acid the adhesion of the paint to the carrier film is markedly improved. Especially significant is the improvement in adhesion to polyester carrier films of aqueous polyurethane metallic paints in which aluminum flakes are dispersed.

Phosphate-free detergent having a reduced tendency towards incrustation

Abstract: A detergent composition containing by weight (a) from 5 to 35% of an anionic or nonionic surfactant, (b) from 10 to 40% of finely crystalline zeolite, (c) from 4 to 20% of alkali metal silicate or carbonate and from 0.1 to 5% of (d) aminoalkanephosphonate or (d2) copolymer of (meth)acrylic acid and maleic acid and (e) from 5 to 80% of other detergent constituents is considerably improved in regard to its incrustation-inhibiting properties if it additionally contains (f) from 0.05 to 1% (based on the free acid) of 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid in the form of its alkali metal salt. The weight ratio of (d1) to (f) is from 3:1 to 1:6 and of (d2) to (f) is from 40:1 to 2:1.