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Showing papers on "Acrylic acid published in 1993"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the transformation of surface intermediates (SI) formed in the interaction of reactants with a catalyst's surface is determined by the structure and bond energy of these SI.
Abstract: Partial oxidation of acrolein is a commercially important reaction, its product—acrylic acid—being widely used industrially for producing resins, dyes, glues, nonwoven fabrics, etc. Partial oxidation of acrolein is also a convenient model reaction because: (1) the number of reaction products is moderate (CO, CO2, acrylic acid) and (2) their difference in acid-base properties from the starting material makes it possible to select desirable catalysts by applying directly and efficiently Boreskov's concept of intermediate chemical interaction of a catalyst with reaction mixture components. According to this concept [1], the transformation of surface intermediates (SI) formed in the interaction of reactants with a catalyst's surface is determined by the structure and bond energy of these SI. The study of the reaction mechanism includes determination of structures and energy characteristics of the surface intermediates and the elucidation of their connection with catalyst chemical composition and reac...

123 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a thin film of acrylic acid, polymerized below the gelation point, was cross-linked directly on an ATR crystal and the crosslinked PAA film was contacted with a buffered mucin solution and the ATR-FTIR spectrum was collected in situ as a function of time.

115 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of co-monomers on intrinsic viscosity, tacticity, and number-average sequence lengths was studied, and the reactivity ratios for the AN-AA and AN-IA systems were also calculated by the Finemann-Ross and the Kelen-Tudos methods.
Abstract: Acrylonitrile (AN) was copolymerized with acrylic acid (AA), methacrylic acid (MAA), and itaconic acid (IA) by the aqueous suspension method at 40°C with ammonium persulfate and sodium metabisulfite as the redox initiator. The reactivity ratios for the AN–AA and AN–IA systems were also calculated by the Finemann–Ross and the Kelen–Tudos methods. Higher r2 (AA) for the AN–AA system in comparison to r2 (IA) for the AN–IA system indicates greater reactivity of AA toward the propagating species. The influence of co-monomers on intrinsic viscosity, tacticity, and number-average sequence lengths was studied. 13C-NMR spectra revealed that AN copolymers having approximately 2 mol % of AA have a greater percentage (>30%) of isotactic content than of homopolyacrylonitrile. Tacticity has also been calculated from infrared spectra of the polymers using stereospecific absorption bands at 1250 and 1230 cm−1. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

97 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, acrylic acid and allylamine functional groups were incorporated onto thin films formed by plasma polymerization of acrylic acid in a low-pressure glow discharge, and ESCA, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, and static contact-angle measurements confirmed the presence of these functional groups.
Abstract: Acidic oxygen-containing and basic nitrogen-containing functional groups were incorporated onto thin films formed by plasma polymerization of acrylic acid and allylamine in a lowpressure glow discharge. ESCA, ATR–FTIR spectroscopy, and static contact-angle measurements confirmed the presence of these functional groups. Surface hydrophilicity of the acrylic acid plasma polymer decreased with time due to the diffusion of hydrophilic oxygencontaining functional groups away from the surface of the plasma-treated polyethylene. In contrast, the hydrophilicity of the allylamine plasma polymer increased with time because of the extensive post-plasma-treatment oxidation with atmospheric oxygen. In assessing the blood compatibility of these two types of plasma polymer surfaces by platelet adhesion and spreading, the acidic acrylic acid plasma polymers showed an improvement in thromboresistance, but the basic allylamine plasma polymers were more thrombogenic than was the untreated low-density polyethylene base material. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

90 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a Raman spectroscopic study of water structure in various aqueous polymer solutions was carried out, and the number of hydrogen bond defects introduced per a monomeric unit of polymer chain (N) in the hydrogen-bonded network structure of water molecules was evaluated.
Abstract: A Raman spectroscopic study of water structure in various aqueous polymer solutions was carried out. Comparing a relative intensity of the peak corresponding to the collective mode of O-H stretching of water molecules in polymer solutions to that of pure water, we evaluated the number of hydrogen bond defects introduced per a monomeric unit of polymer chain (N) in the hydrogen-bonded network structure of water molecules. The polymers used were poly(acrylamide) (PAAm), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), poly(acrylic acid) sodium salt (NaPAA), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), dextran (DEX), poly(allylamine) hydrochloride (PAlA), and poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP)

85 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the degradations of lactic acid in a Hastelloy C-276 annular reactor in near-critical water were investigated at a pressure of 310 bar, at temperatures of 120-400°C, at residence times of 25-110 s, and with various catalysts, including disodium hydrogen phosphate, phosphoric acid, and sodium hydroxide.
Abstract: The dehydration of lactic acid is studied in a Hastelloy C-276 annular reactor in near-critical water. Experiments are performed at a pressure of 310 bar, at temperatures of 120-400°C, at residence times of 25-110 s, and with various catalysts, including disodium hydrogen phosphate, phosphoric acid, and sodium hydroxide. Three main reaction pathways are investigated and evaluated. A temperature of 160°C optimizes the formation of acrylic acid with molar yields as high as 58%, based on conversion. The presence of phosphate salts and/or base increases the yields of acrylic acid by suppressing the competing pathways. The aging of the Hastelloy reactor for 60-70 h decreases the degradation reactions resulting in higher yields of acrylic acid

79 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the synthesis and characterization of superabsorbent polymers based on acrylic acid was studied, and a basic formula was obtained to display the effect of some structural parameters on behaviour of super-absorbents utilized.
Abstract: This paper is devoted to the synthesis and characterization of superabsorbent polymers based on acrylic acid. These hydrogels were prepared by carrying the inverse suspension polymerization in an aromatic hydrocarbon. The dispersion is stabilized by the mixture of micromolecular and macromolecular emulsifiers. To obtain high swelling and appropriate absorption kinetics, parameters such as initial monomer and cross-linker concentration, range of neutralization, monomer addition rate, temperature, initiating system, stabilizing system, and nature of the organic phase were studied but not reviewed here. Thus, based on these topics a basic formula is obtained to display the effect of some structural parameters on behaviour of superabsorbents utilized. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

74 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Graft polymerization of 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, acrylic acid, N,Ndimethy aminopropyl acrylamide and dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate was performed onto the surface of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film with a simultaneous UV irradiation method, but using no photo-sensitizer.
Abstract: Graft polymerization of 2-acryl-amide-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, acrylic acid, N,N-dimethy aminopropyl acrylamide and dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate was performed onto the surface of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film with a simultaneous UV irradiation method, but using no photo-sensitizer. The PET film was immersed in an aqueous solution containing a monomer and NaIO 4 of appropriate concentrations, followed by UV irradiation without degassing. Graft polymerization took place, not merely on the outermost surface, but also within the thin surface region of the PET film without any change in bulk properties

65 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, two binary blends of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and polyacrylamide(PAAm) were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and infrared spectroscopy (IR).
Abstract: Binary blends of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and polyacrylamide (PAAm) were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and infrared spectroscopy (IR). Molecular weight, blend composition, and heating time at 150°C were the variables used. Results obtained by DSC indicated that PAA/PVA blends are miscible in the full range of composition. Similarly, TGA traces showed that thermal stability was higher for blends than for pure polymers. Blends of PVA with high molecular weight PAA exhibited a hydrogel behavior after drying at relatively low temperature (100°C), whereas blends containing low molecular weight PAA behaved as hydrogels only after they were heated at 150°C. Hydrogel character was increased for these two PVA/PAA blends with the heating time at higher temperature (150°C). IR spectra revealed that esterification took place in these blends after thermally treated at this temperature. In contrast, addition of glyoxal in combination with heating was necessary to produce hydrogels from PAAm/PVA blends. Furthermore, the crosslinking degree of these hydrogels was estimated from their absorbency values by applying the Flory–Rehner equation. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

62 citations


Patent
29 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this paper, Ionomers derived from ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymers, containing high levels of acid neutralized with lithium, zinc and sodium are blended in defined amounts to form compositions with very high resilience.
Abstract: Ionomers derived from ethylene/methacrylic acid or ethylene/acrylic acid copolymers, containing high levels of acid neutralized with lithium, zinc and sodium are blended in defined amounts to form compositions with very high resilience. The compositions are highly suitable for use as golf ball covers.

60 citations


Patent
19 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this article, a process for compatibilizing dissimilar rubber blends comprising blending an ethylene/acrylate/acrylic acid terpolymer with two or more different rubbers, selected from the group including, but non limited to, EPR, EPDM, CR, NBR, SBR and NR, is described.
Abstract: This invention relates to a compatibilized rubber composition and a process for compatibilizing dissimilar rubber blends comprising blending an ethylene/acrylate/acrylic acid terpolymer with 2 or more different rubbers, selected from the group including, but non limited to, EPR, EPDM, CR, NBR, SBR and NR.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A graft copolymer was obtained by coupling poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) (monomer ratio 1:8,5) with poly(N-isopropylacryamide (PIPA) having an amino group at its end as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A graft copolymer was prepared by coupling of poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) (monomer ratio 1:8,5) with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIPA) having an amino group at its end. The copolymer with the graft chains obtained [poly(AA-co-AAm)-g-PIPA] showed a temperature-responsive phase transition at 34°C in water, and at 26°C in 1-propanol/water (8:92 vol.-%). Lipase from wheat germ was covalently bound to the graft copolymer using a water-soluble carbodimide. The Arrhenius plots of the catalytic activity of the lipase immobilized to poly(AA-co-AAm)-g-PIPA had a bending point around 25 – 30°C in 1-propanol/water (8:92 vol.-%), which is consistent with the temperature-responsiveness of the carrier polymer. As for lipase immobilized to the graft copolymer poly(AA)-g-PIPA, on the contrary, there was no bending point in the temperature dependence of the catalytic activity, probably due to electrostatic repulsion between acrylic acid residues, which perturbs the aggregation of PIPA side chains. The graft copolymer prepared here can be used as a component of temperature-sensitive devices in various forms.

Patent
26 Mar 1993
TL;DR: In this article, a polymer article is prepared by the process comprising the steps of: (1) blending polymer composition comprising (A) at least one ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, (B) at most one propylene ethylene copolymers, and (C) from about 0.01% to about 5% by weight of a cross-linking agent, (2) from approximately 0.1% to approximately 35% of one or more polymers selected from the group consisting of an acrylic acid, an acrylic ester, a vinyl alcohol,
Abstract: This invention relates to a polymer article prepared by the process comprising the steps of: (1) blending polymer composition comprising (A) at least one ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, (B) at least one propylene ethylene copolymer, and (C) (1) from about 0.01% to about 5% by weight of a cross-linking agent, (2) from about 0.1% to about 35% by weight of one or more polymers selected from: (i) at least one co-, or terpolymer of at least one vinyl aromatic compound; (ii) at least one co-, or terpolymer of an alpha-olefin, and at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of an acrylic acid, an acrylic ester, a vinyl silane, and a vinyl alcohol; (iii) at least one polyolefin other than a propylene homopolymer or a propylene-ethylene copolymer; (iv) at least one polyetheramide block copolymer; (v) at least one ionomer; (vi) at least one oxidized polyolefin wax, or mixtures of (1) and (2); and forming the polymer composition into the article. This invention also relates to articles such as bags, pouches, tubing, closures, etc. The polymer articles of the present invention can be used to form a variety of medical parts with good mechanical properties. The polymer articles are RF weldable and have a low specific gravity, allowing down-gauging and improved processing relative to PVC. In addition, the polymer articles are sterilizable by a wide variety of methods including steam, gamma, ethylene oxide and E-beam techniques, as well as possessing high contact and see-through clarity and excellent barrier properties. These polymer films are halogen free. The articles do not produce toxic or corrosive chemicals upon incineration. Thus, these articles do not pose an environmental disposal problem.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a crosslink reaction between polyvinyl alcohol and poly(acrylic acid) was characterized through IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and tensile tests when varying the reaction conditions, that is, time, temperature, amounts of cross-linking agents, PAA.
Abstract: For the purpose of the water-selective membrane material development for pervaporation separation, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was crosslinked with a low molecular weight of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). The crosslinking reactions between PVA and PAA were characterized through IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and tensile tests when varying the reaction conditions, that is, time, temperature, amounts of cross-linking agents, PAA. It was found that the crosslinking reaction was fast: in other words, that the reaction mainly occurred at the initial step of each reaction condition. The best reaction conditions for preparing the crosslinked PVA membranes were found to be: reaction time not over 1 h, reaction temperature in the range of 150-180 C. PAA contents of 15-20 wt% were found satisfactory with respect to the application areas.

Patent
11 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this article, high temperature aqueous processes for the polymerization of monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic monomers to produce low molecular weight, water-soluble polymer products useful as detergent additives, scale inhibitors, dispersants and crystal growth modifiers are described.
Abstract: This invention relates to high temperature aqueous processes for the polymerization of monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic monomers to produce low molecular weight, water-soluble polymer products useful as detergent additives, scale inhibitors, dispersants and crystal growth modifiers. Suitable monomers include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, crotonic acid, and itaconic acid. The reactions are run at temperatures ranging from about 130° C. to 240° C., preferably from about 140° C. to about 230° C. The process can be continuous, semi-continuous, or batch.

Patent
27 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this paper, a mixture of water solubilized acrylic acid copolymer, pH-neutral acrylic copolymers, alkyl alcohol, surfactant, and water is applied on the exterior surface to form a tough flexible coating.
Abstract: A composition is provided for protecting exterior surfaces of automobiles and other products against abrasive dust, acid rain, etc. The composition is applied as a mixture of water solubilized acrylic acid copolymer, pH-neutral acrylic copolymer, alkyl alcohol, surfactant, and water. The composition dries on the exterior surface to form a tough flexible coating that can be removed by an alkaline aqueous detergent solution.

Patent
08 Jul 1993
TL;DR: In this article, an acrylic acid-based monomer unit is used as a main component in the acrylic polymer. But the acrylic acid is not used in the polymerization process, and it is not suitable for acrylic rubber, a pressure-sensitive adhesive, an alkali-soluble adhesive, a alkali solubile film, an alkyl-polymer injection molding or water ink.
Abstract: The present invention provides an acrylic polymer containing no surfactant, having little limitation in the polymer composition and being superior in heat resistance, processing operation performance and fluidity, and also provides use of the polymer and a production process. An acrylic polymer of present invention is obtained by the bulk polymerization, contains an acrylic acid-based monomer unit as a main component in its structure and has a Mn of 1,000 to 1,000,000, a glass transition temperature of -80° C. or higher and a Mw/Mn ratio of 5 or less, and is appropriate for acrylic rubber, a pressure-sensitive adhesive, an alkali-soluble adhesive, an alkali-soluble film, an alkali-soluble injection molding or water ink. This polymer is produced by, in the presence of an inactive gas, carrying out the bulk polymerization of a starting material which contains a monomer component having an acrylic acid-based monomer as a main component and contains a sulfur compound of 0.001 to 20 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the monomer component, and contains a polymerization initiator in the weight of one-third or less based on the sulfur compound.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: To determine the maximum molecular weight for biodegradation, the degradation test was done with the hexamer, heptamer, and octamer, which were separated from the oligomer mixture by fractional gel permeation chromatography.
Abstract: Arthrobacter sp. strain NO-18 was first isolated from soil as a bacterium which could degrade the sodium acrylate oligomer and utilize it as the sole source of carbon. When 0.2% (wt/wt) oligomer was added to the culture medium, the acrylate oligomer was found to be degraded by 70 to 80% in 2 weeks, using gel permeation chromatography. To determine the maximum molecular weight for biodegradation, the degradation test was done with the hexamer, heptamer, and octamer, which were separated from the oligomer mixture by fractional gel permeation chromatography. The hexamer and heptamer were consumed to the extents of 58 and 36%, respectively, in 2 weeks, but the octamer was not degraded. Oligomers with three different terminal groups were synthesized to examine the effect of the different terminal groups on biodegradation, but few differences were found. Arthrobacter sp. NO-18 assimilated acrylic acid, propionic acid, glutaric acid, 2-methylglutaric acid, and 1,3,5-pentanetricarboxylic acid. Degradation of the acrylic unit structure by this strain is discussed.

Patent
23 Feb 1993
TL;DR: In this article, a golf ball cover comprising the non-ionic/ionic copolymer blend exhibits no loss in C.O.R., and has equal resistance to cutting and cracking when compared to top grade golf ball covers made with one of the conventional 100% ionic copolymers blends.
Abstract: The present invention is directed to a golf ball cover comprising a blend of copolymers wherein one or more of the copolymers is a low cost nonionic copolymer and one or more of the copolymers is an ionic copolymer. Surprisingly, a golf ball cover comprising the non-ionic/ionic copolymer blend exhibits no loss in C.O.R., and has equal resistance to cutting and cracking when compared to top grade golf ball covers made with one of the conventional 100% ionic copolymer blends. In particular, the present golf ball cover comprises from about 95 to about 80 pphr of one or more ionic copolymers, and from about 5 to about 20 pphr of one or more non-ionic copolymers, the latter being selected from the group consisting of a copolymer of ethylene and acrylic acid, a copolymer of ethylene and methacrylic acid, a copolymer of polypropylene and acrylic acid, a terpolymer of ethylene, acrylic acid and a lower alkyl acrylate, and a terpolymer of ethylene, methacrylic acid and a lower alkyl acrylate, and blends thereof.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, perovskite-type LaMnO 3+δ was synthesized by firing gels at low temperature, showing that the crystal structure of the single phase changes from hexagonal to hexagonal with increasing temperature.

Patent
02 Jul 1993
TL;DR: The set retarding additives are graft copolymers or terpolymers comprised of the condensation polymer product of a ketone, aldehyde and a compound which introduces acid groups into the polymer having grafted thereto a monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, vinyl phosphonic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid or one of the foregoing monomers and a second monomer of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid.
Abstract: The present invention provides set retarding additives, set retarded hydraulic cement compositions including such additives and methods of using the cement compositions for cementing zones in wells. The set retarding additives are graft copolymers or terpolymers comprised of the condensation polymer product of a ketone, aldehyde and a compound which introduces acid groups into the polymer having grafted thereto a monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, vinyl phosphonic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid and itaconic acid or one of the foregoing monomers and a second monomer of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid.

Patent
19 Mar 1993
TL;DR: A cosmetic composition includes (a) ether alcohols conforming to the general formula C.sub(n) H.sub (2n+2) O.sub.(n/2), where n is an integer which ranges 4 to 12; (b) a homopolymer of acrylic acid cross-linked with an allyl ether of pentaerythritol or an allymptotic ether of sucrose; (c) copolymers of polyacrylic acid; (d) a fragrance oil or oils, or cosmetically acceptable oils or oily
Abstract: A cosmetic composition includes (a) ether alcohols conforming to the general formula C.sub.(n) H.sub.(2n+2) O.sub.(n/2), where n is an integer which ranges 4 to 12; (b) a homopolymer of acrylic acid cross-linked with an allyl ether of pentaerythritol or an allyl ether of sucrose, or copolymers of acrylic acid or acrylate derivative/acrylonitrile copolymers, or polyacrylic acid; (c) a fragrance oil or oils, or cosmetically acceptable oils or oily-type materials; and (d) water.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that perfluoro-oxa-alkyl radicals produced by the decomposition of corresponding peroxides are more stable than perfluoroalkyl radical peroxide, and their higher stabilities explain the formation of higher molecular weight in the perfluoroxaalkylated acrylic acid oligomers.

Patent
06 Dec 1993
TL;DR: In this article, a self-dispersing and salt-sensitive polymer was produced by polymerizing the following monomers (A), (B) and (C) in a total concentration of 25 % by weight or above: (A) 35 to 65% by weight of acrylic acid, (B), 10 to 45% by Weight of a vinyl monomer represented by the following general formula [I]: CH.sub.2 ═C(R.sup.3)COOR.2
Abstract: Disclosed is a process for producing a self-dispersing and salt-sensitive polymer by polymerizing the following monomers (A), (B) and (C) in a total concentration of 25 % by weight or above: (A) 35 to 65 % by weight of acrylic acid, (B) 10 to 45 % by weight of a vinyl monomer represented by the following general formula [I]: CH.sub.2 ═C(R.sup.1)COOR.sup.2 [I] wherein R 1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; and R 2 represents an alkyl group having 8 to 12 carbon atoms, and (C) 20 to 45% by weight of a vinyl monomer represented by the following general formula [II]: CH.sub.2 ═C(R.sup.3)COOR.sup.4 [II] wherein R 3 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; and R 4 represents an alkyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms in a mixed solvent comprising 50 to 90% by weight of an organic solvent having a solubility parameter of 10 (cal/cm 3 ).sup. 1/2 or below and miscible with water and 50 to 10% by weight of water, neutralizing 2 to 15 molar % of the acrylic acid moiety of the polymer, distilling off the organic solvent while water is left, and further adding water thereto. The polymer produced by the process is soluble in tap water, but insoluble in an aqueous salt solution of a low concentration such as 0.2% aqueous salt solution. In case the polymer is used as a binder for a non-woven fabric or paper, it exhibits satisfactory strength and permeability to a body fluid when the resultant product is wet with the body fluid.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a bisamino poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) was immobilized onto the poly(acrylic acid)-grafted PE membrane to modify the surface properties.
Abstract: Plasma-induced graft copolymerization of acrylic acid, which was incorporated onto polyethylene (PE) film, was prepared. A bisamino poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) was immobilized onto the poly(acrylic acid) (PAAc)-grafted PE membrane to modify the surface properties. The samples were characterized by ESCA. A respective chemical shift of Ar plasma-treated and control polymeric film was revealed by ESCA. The presence of the grafted PAAc and PEO was also verified. Glucose oxidase (GOD) was immobilized onto this novel grafted polymeric film with and without PEO being used as a spacer. The Michaelis constant, Km, and the maximum reaction velocity, Vmax, were estimated for the free and the immobilized GOD. GOD immobilized onto the polymeric films with and without a spacer obeyed Michaelis kinetics. The Michaelis constant, Km, was larger for the immobilized GOD than for the free one whereas Vmax was smaller for the immobilized GOD. The bioactivity of PEO-modified PAAc-grafted PE membrane (PAAc–PEO–GOD) was higher than that of PAAc-grafted PE membrane (PAAc–GOD). The pH and thermal stabilities of the immobilized GOD without a spacer (PAAc–GOD) were higher than those of the immobilized GOD with a spacer (PAAc–PEO–GOD) and the free form. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the electrical conductivity, swelling behavior, and mechanical properties of the graft copolymer-metal complexes were investigated, and the influence of metal complexes in the graftcopolymers was determined and compared with the grafted films, which may be of great interest in the field of semiconducting materials in addition to their applicability as cation exchange membranes.
Abstract: Graft copolymers were obtained by radiation-induced grafting of acrylic acid onto poly (tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene) (ET) films. The conversion of the graft copolymer into metal acrylate copolymer complex was carried out by treatment with different metal salts. The electrical conductivity, swelling behavior, and mechanical properties of the graft copolymer-metal complexes were investigated. The influence of metal complexes in the graft copolymers was determined and compared with the grafted films. it was assumed that such materials may be of great interest in the field of semiconducting materials in addition to their applicability as cation-exchange membranes

Patent
04 Oct 1993
TL;DR: A polymeric surfactant comprises the reaction product of ethylentcally unsaturated monomers at least 40 percent by weight of which are acid group containing monomers, including a combination of both acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, at least a portion of the acid groups being neutralized by a base as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A polymeric surfactant comprises the reaction product of ethylentcally unsaturated monomers at least 40 percent by weight of which are acid group containing monomers, including a combination of both acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, at least a portion of the acid groups being neutralized by a base. Also disclosed is an aqueous acrylic latex made by polymerizing a second polymer from ethylenically unsaturated monomers in the presence of said polymeric surfactant, whereby the latex comprises polymeric particles containing two polymers. The latex may be used to advantage in very low V.O.C. coatings that may be spray applied.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Low molecular weight copolymers formed during the emulsion copolymerization of styrene and acrylic acid were isolated and characterized in this paper, where FTIR, mass spectroscopy, and 13C-NMR spectroscopic techniques were used to measure the oligomer composition, molecular weight, and Copolymer sequence distribution.
Abstract: Low molecular weight species, formed during the emulsion copolymerization of styrene and acrylic acid, were isolated and characterized. Samples of the reaction mixture were taken at different times during seeded and unseeded batch reactions. Reactions were stopped via injection of the samples into hydroquinone solutions and cooling with dry ice. Low molecular weight copolymers were separated and FTIR spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and 13C–NMR spectroscopy techniques were used to measure the oligomer composition, molecular weight, and copolymer sequence distribution, respectively. The molecular size measurements should relate to the size of oligomeric radicals that grow in the water phase and enter polymer particles and the measurements should also relate to any water-soluble polymer that is formed by termination in the aqueous phase. The molecules, found for copolymers formed from 90/10 weight ratios of styrene and acrylic acid, were comprised of 6–9 monomer units with 2–3 being styrene. Those formed from 60/40 styrene/AA ratios contained 13–16 monomer units with 1–2 styrene. Differences were observed between seeded and unseeded systems, especially in the amount and nature of the water-soluble material formed early in the reaction. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, sulfonic acid (SO 3 H) groups were attached to four different polymeric substrates by means of cografting sodium styrene sulfonate (SSS) with acrylic acid (AAc).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, temperature dependence of Viscosities and Potentiometric Titration Behavior of Aqueous Poly(acrylic acid) and Poly(methacrylic acids) Solutions
Abstract: Temperature Dependence of Viscosities and Potentiometric Titration Behavior of Aqueous Poly(acrylic acid) and Poly(methacrylic acid) Solutions