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Activity coefficient
About: Activity coefficient is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 6020 publications have been published within this topic receiving 132928 citations.
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TL;DR: All evidence points to the ionic liquids as a unique class of polar solvents suitable for technical development, however, further work is needed to fill the gaps in the authors' knowledge of the relationship between ion structures and physicochemical properties.
582 citations
TL;DR: An equation was obtained that enables the estimation of the aqueous solubility of either liquid or crystalline organic nonelectrolytes and techniques are provided for estimating the entropy of fusion of organic compounds.
511 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the first few alkali halides in water were calculated using the specialization of the extended RISM equation to infinitely dilute systems, and the correlation functions and interionic potentials of mean force were calculated for a set of models corresponding to the first many halide in water.
Abstract: Using the specialization of the extended RISM equation to infinitely dilute systems, we have calculated correlation functions and interionic potentials of mean force for a set of models corresponding to the first few alkali halides in water. From the results obtained at infinite dilution we calculate the lowest order corrections to the solution properties of the ions. Higher concentrations are explored by using the interionic potentials of mean force at infinite dilution as effective solvent mediated pair potentials. Our results indicate that certain thermodynamic properties, such as the mean activity coefficients and osmotic pressures, are quite sensitive to the details of both the theory and the potential models.
505 citations
TL;DR: An equation for the flux of electrolyte through a water-swollen cation-exchange resin membrane separating two solutions of the same electrolyte at different concentrations is derived on the basis of several assumptions regarding the physical nature of a swollen resinous exchanger.
Abstract: An equation for the flux of electrolyte through a water-swollen cation-exchange resin membrane separating two solutions of the same electrolyte at different concentrations is derived on the basis of several assumptions regarding the physical nature of a swollen resinous exchanger. The complete flux equation contains three terms, one determined by the concentration difference across the membrane, another determined by the variation of the activity coefficient of the electrolyte with concentration in the membrane and a third concerned with the rate of osmotic or hydrostatic flow through the membrane. If ions in the resin are transported entirely in an internal aqueous phase, the mobilities required for the flux equation can be related to mobilities in aqueous solution and to the volume fraction of resin in the swollen membrane. The treatment is readily extended to anion exchangers.
476 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the peculiar behavior of 2-2 and higher valence type electrolytes is discussed in terms of various theories some of which assume an equilibrium between separated ions and ion pairs as distinct chemical species.
Abstract: The peculiar behavior of 2–2 and higher valence type electrolytes is discussed in terms of various theories some of which assume, while others do not, an equilibrium between separated ions and ion pairs as distinct chemical species. It is recognized that in some case a distinct species of inner-shell ion pairs is indicated by spectroscopic or ultrasonic data. Nevertheless, there are many advantages in representing, if possible, the properties of these electrolytes by appropriate virial coefficients and without chemical association equilibria. It is shown that this is possible and is conveniently accomplished by the addition of one term to the equations of Parts I and II of this series. The coefficients of these equations are given for nine solutes. It is also noted that these equations have been successfully applied to mixed electrolytes involving one component of the 2–2-type.
462 citations