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Showing papers on "Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing published in 2021"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new mechanism for route selection combining Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol with Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) protocol to improve Quality of Service (QoS) in MANET is proposed.

65 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A secure AODV routing protocol is developed for detection of black hole attack with improvements in the RREQ packet and RREP packet protocols with added security to verify the source and destination nodes.

53 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The introduced algorithm energy efficient ad-hoc on-demand routing (EEAODR) in this algorithm mainly focus traditional AODV giving responsibilities to keep up vitality stack among organizing hub for enhancing the system consistency.
Abstract: Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) make them invigorate class of remote correspondence framework which can change positions in systems and unusual changes in arranging topology. AODV directing calculation demonstrates its preferences for contrast with other open methodologies yet additionally have a few downsides, for example, high overheads, all vitality utilization in a broad system that create the need of change. The introduced algorithm energy efficient ad-hoc on-demand routing (EEAODR) in this algorithm mainly focus traditional AODV giving responsibilities to keep up vitality stack among organizing hub for enhancing the system consistency. Also, because of high versatility, the steering conventions that are composed by the engineering of wired or cell systems are not adequate for Portable Impromptu Systems and perform inadequately. In this conventions set the base level of vitality way at whatever point a hub achieved the base level point. In this method found the least ideal way and dynamic node for foundation steering way. To demonstrate the centrality of the new proposed scheme, those are reenacted by customary, present day calculation above network system with different parameters and came about showing strength the outlined procedure.

42 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a new algorithm of clustering AODV based on edge computing strategy is proposed, considering the vehicle node energy and speed, the routing protocol based on the minimum hop number is optimized, which divided the communication mode into vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to road (V2R) mode.
Abstract: In the vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), due to the particularity of high-speed movement of vehicle nodes, there are higher challenges in link stability and network topology control overhead. In this paper, a new algorithm of clustering AODV based on edge computing strategy is proposed. Considering the vehicle node energy and speed, the AODV routing protocol based on the minimum hop number is optimized, which divided the communication mode into vehicle to vehicle (V2V) and vehicle to road (V2R) mode. Adding edge server in the road side unit (RSU) and using the idea of clustering, that is, the nodes in the cluster use V2V communication mode, and the nodes between clusters use V2V and V2R combined communication mode to select routes. The algorithm improves the routing efficiency in the high-speed mobile. Experiments show that the algorithm is feasible, reducing the network topology control overhead, lowering the end-to-end delay and improving the packet delivery rate comparing with others in different environment.

35 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The simulation results show that the EHACORP has improved packet delivery rate, throughput, end-to-end delay, routing overhead, and packet loss rate compared to Fuzzy based ant colony optimization (F-ANT), Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), ant colony optimize routing algorithm (ARA), and AntNet routing protocols.
Abstract: Vehicle ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are a subclass of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The VANETs communication framework is used to provide communication between moving vehicles in highway and urban road scenarios. Dynamic properties of VANETs, such as high dynamic topology, frequent route failure, high mobility of nodes, and bandwidth constraints, reduce the efficiency of routing. The long length route between source and destination affects the efficiency of the protocol in the form of high overhead, frequent disconnections, high packet loss rate, low packet delivery rate, and low throughput. In this paper, we propose an Enhanced Hybrid Ant Colony Optimization Routing Protocol (EHACORP) to improve the efficiency of the routing process using the shortest path. The shortest path in the proposed protocol has low communication costs and the least number of hops between source and destination vehicles. The EHACORP has two phases. In phase 1, the EHACORP relies on a distance calculation method to compute the distance between vehicles. In phase 2, the source-based ant colony optimization is used to guide the ants to build a shorter path with the least number of hops to transmit data. The shortest path improves the efficiency of protocol in all aspects. The simulation results show that the EHACORP has improved packet delivery rate, throughput, end-to-end delay, routing overhead, and packet loss rate compared to Fuzzy based ant colony optimization (F-ANT), Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), ant colony optimization routing algorithm (ARA), and AntNet routing protocols.

30 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evaluating the performance of three routing protocols in MANET reveals the AOMDV is the most suitable protocol for time-critical events of search and rescue missions.
Abstract: The most important experiences we discovered from several disasters are that cellular networks were vulnerable, and the loss of the communication system may have a catastrophic consequence. Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) play a significant role in the construction of campus, resident, battlefield and search/rescue region. MANET is an appropriate network for supporting a communication where is no permanent infrastructure. MANET is an effective network that uses to establishing urgent communication between rescue members in critical situations like, disaster or natural calamities. The sending and receiving data in MANET is depending on the routing protocols to adapt the dynamic topology and maintain the routing information. Consequently, This paper evaluates the performance of three routing protocols in MANET: ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV), and ad-hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV). These protocols are inherent from different types of routing protocols: single-path, multi-path, reactive and proactive mechanisms. The NS2 simulator is utilized to evaluate the quality of these protocols. Several metrics are used to assess the performance of these protocols such: packet delivery ratio (PDR), packet loss ratios (PLR), throughput (TP), and end-to-end delay (E2E delay). The outcomes reveal the AOMDV is the most suitable protocol for time-critical events of search and rescue missions.

28 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A hybrid wormhole attack detection (HWAD) algorithm is proposed, which is able to detect both in-band wormholes through performs round trip time (RTT) based on its hop count, and packet delivery ratio (PDR), also out-of-band worms through performs transmission range between successive nodes in a more optimistic manner than existing solutions.
Abstract: Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) are decentralized wireless networks that communicate without pre-existing infrastructure. MANETs are vulnerable to the most popular types of attacks and threats, such as wormhole attacks. A wormhole attacks is very challenging issues that records the packets from one location of the network and tunnels them to another location to undermines the performance of the wireless network and disrupt the most routing protocol. However, the existing solutions have been developed to overcome the wormhole attack, but still suffering from additional hardware, incur high delay delivery, or fail to provide high throughput, packet delivery ratio as well as consume higher energy. In this paper a hybrid wormhole attack detection (HWAD) algorithm is proposed, which is able to detect both in-band wormholes through performs round trip time (RTT) based on its hop count, and packet delivery ratio (PDR), also out-of-band wormholes through performs transmission range between successive nodes in a more optimistic manner than existing solutions. HWAD reduce the delay and energy through avoids performing wormhole detections for all available nodes in the network. HWAD does not rely on any special hardware and middleware. The proposed algorithm HWAD was executed using NS-2 network simulator. The performance metrics was taking into consideration to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm the throughput, end to end delay, packet delivery ratio, and consuming energy. The proposed algorithm utilized Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol to improve the detection method. The experimental results have shown the performance metrics of the proposed approach HWAD outperformed in wormhole detection compared with other algorithms.

26 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A cross layer variant of AODV by replacing hop count metric with link quality and collision count is proposed, which is implemented in well-known network simulator, NS-2 by incorporating necessary changes into existing physical and MAC layers as well as AodV protocol.
Abstract: Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has wide range of applications including next generation intelligent IoT applications. Sensor nodes in WSNs don’t allow replacing batteries as phenomenon under consideration is not frequently accessible or inaccessible. Resource constrained WSN nodes run on batteries with limited capacity. For long running of the WSNs, energy consumption on each node and lifetime of overall network is a concern for IoT applications. To prolong lifetime of WSNs, use of energy efficient method is necessary and a challenging task. Most of the on-demand routing protocols use metrics like number of hops for the selection of path from the source node to the destination node. Purely hop count-based metrics leads to frequent broken paths as well as more energy consumption and results into reduced lifetime of IoT applications. Method proposed in this paper is a cross layer variant of AODV by replacing hop count metric with link quality and collision count. To establish a path, proposed method fetches link quality information from Physical layer and collision information from MAC layer to aid Network layer for making intelligent routing decisions using ZScore method. Using this information, proposed routing metric caters to select stable and sustainable routing path. Method proposed in this paper is implemented in well-known network simulator, NS-2 by incorporating necessary changes into existing physical and MAC layers as well as AODV protocol. A comparative analysis with existing methods is an indicator of improved performance in terms of energy efficiency, network lifetime, path stability and delay.

26 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 2021
TL;DR: Comparing the different classes of VANET protocols gives guidelines in one place and demonstrates that AODV is the most optimal method among A ODV, OLSR & DSDV for the model.
Abstract: VANET (Vehicle Ad hoc Network) is a subclass of MANET, which is a rapidly increasing research field in the world. Vehicles are interactive with each other, V2I & hybrid in VANET. Several difficulties are facing author’s today V2V, V2I, and hybrid communication. Vehicles usually turn the field of VANET communication, transparent and enter new vehicles, network size or street conditions are main elements of this communication, which poses particular challenges such as highly dynamic topology, unregulated network size, high mobility, scalability, and networking. The previous MANET protocols are not enough to help VANET as a result of these issues. In this study, we surveyed and published numerous classes of VANET routing protocols (VRPs). Comparing the different classes of VANET protocols gives guidelines in one place. In this work, we utilize network simulator 3 to apply AODV, DSDV & OLSR routing on V2V, nodes. The evaluation criteria for comparison of these routing protocols include the use of QoS (Quality of Service) parameters such as PLR, packet overhead & throughput. For simulations, we use IEEE 802.11p model. The results of the simulation demonstrate that AODV is the most optimal method among AODV, OLSR & DSDV for our model.

25 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors have implemented the denial-of-service attacks like black hole attacks on general-purpose ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) protocol.
Abstract: In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), mobile devices connect with other devices wirelessly, where there is no central administration. They are prone to different types of attacks such as the black hole, insider, gray hole, wormhole, faulty node, and packet drop, which considerably interrupt to perform secure communication. This paper has implemented the denial-of-service attacks like black hole attacks on general-purpose ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) protocol. It uses three approaches: normal AODV, black hole AODV (BH_AODV), and detected black hole AODV (D_BH_AODV), wherein we observe that black holes acutely degrade the performance of networks. We have detected the black hole attacks within the networks using two techniques: (1) intrusion detection system (IDS) and (2) encryption technique (digital signature) with the concept of prevention. Moreover, normal AODV, BH_AODV, and D_BH_AODV protocols are investigated for various quality of service (QoS) parameters, i.e., packet delivery ratio (PDR), delay, and overhead with varying the number of nodes, packet sizes, and simulation times. The NS2 software has been used as a simulation tool to simulate existing network topologies, but it does not contain any mechanism to simulate malicious protocols by itself; therefore, we have developed and implemented a D_BH_AODV routing protocol. The outcomes show that the proposed D_BH_AODV approach for the PDR value delivers around 40 to 50% for varying nodes and packets. In contrast, the delay decreases from 300 to 100 ms and 150 to 50 ms with an increase in the number of nodes and packets, respectively. Furthermore, the overhead changes from 1 to 3 for various nodes and packet values. The outcome of this research proves that the black hole attack degrades the overall performance of the network, while the D_BH_AODV enhances the QoS performance since it detects the black hole nodes and avoids them to establish the communication between nodes.

23 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An intrusion detection system called ‘Accurate and Cognitive Intrusion Detection System’ (ACIDS) for detecting the most vulnerable packet dropping attack known as black hole attack has been developed and the results attest to the efficacy of ACIDS over AODV routing protocol in detecting packet dropping scenarios of the black holes attack.
Abstract: Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANETs) is infrastructure less in nature as it is encompassed with a collection of mobile nodes. The self-configurable feature of it has proven to be beneficial in times of disaster relief and rescue operations as the mobile nodes can be effortlessly deployed regardless of the geographical location. In this network, communication take place with the aid of several cooperative routing protocols such as AODV, DSDV, DSR etc., Due to the lack of a centralized administration, the network is prone to copious routing attacks. In this paper, an intrusion detection system called ‘Accurate and Cognitive Intrusion Detection System’ (ACIDS) for detecting the most vulnerable packet dropping attack known as black hole attack has been developed. This system takes the parameters such as Destination Sequence Number (DSN) and Route Reply (RREP) into consideration for detecting the intruders by identifying the deviation of the chosen parameters from the normal behavior. The proposed system has been simulated using NS2 and the analysis of the results attest to the efficacy of ACIDS over AODV routing protocol in detecting packet dropping scenarios of the black hole attack.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
06 May 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparative analysis using qualitative techniques is performed by categorizing different routing protocols as proactive, reactive, hybrid and nature-inspired for MANETs, revealing that hybrid protocols are better as they consume less power and uses bandwidth more efficiently.
Abstract: In this paper, an investigation on protocol issues for mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) is conducted. The capacity and relevance of nomadic computing are evident with the quick propagation of wireless devices like laptops, wireless sensors, and smartphones. A MANET is a non-temporary infrastructure, consisting of a group of mobile hosts which have no central management and dynamically create their network or connections. This type of network introduces complexities such as regular changes to the topology. The constraints of bandwidth, low energy, and storage capacities of such mobile nodes impose severe limitations on their abilities. Some nodes also cannot communicate directly as there are generally small transmission ranges within nodes in MANETs. Therefore, routing paths can be of multiple hops, and it is the responsibility of neighbouring nodes to operate as routers. A comparative analysis using qualitative techniques is performed by categorizing different routing protocols as proactive, reactive, hybrid and nature-inspired. Protocols such as the Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP), Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV), Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) and AntHocNet are described to know their suitability for real-life applications. This study reveals that hybrid protocols are better as they consume less power and uses bandwidth more efficiently.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Experimental analysis slows that FSR is good in term of PDR, channel utilization, link utilization vs throughput and link vs throughput from the rest of routing protocols after addressing of these problems UAVs resources are efficiently utilized.
Abstract: Flying Ad-hoc networks are emergent area in Ad-hoc networks evolved from MANETs and VANETs. Small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are used in FANETs applications and these small UAVs have limited resources while efficiently utilization of these resources is most critical task in real time monitoring of FANETs application. Network consumes its resources in path selection process and data routing from source to destination. Selecting of efficient routing protocol to utilize all available resources played vital role in extending network life time. In this article fisheye state routing (FSR) protocol is implemented in FANET and compare networks performance in term of channel utilization, link utilization vs throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR) with distance sequence distance vector (DSDV), optimized link state routing (OLSR), adhoc on demand distance vector (AODV), dynamic source routing (DSR) and temperary ordered routing protocol (TORA). Experimental analysis slows that FSR is good in term of PDR (16438 packets delivered), channel utilization (89%) and link vs throughput from the rest of routing protocols after addressing of these problems UAVs resources are efficiently utilized (energy).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Each strategy has its own negative and positive aspects that make it ideally suited to a particular scenario than other scenarios, and it is concluded that DSDV is the best choice because of the low average end to end delay.
Abstract: VANET is a branch of MANETS, where each vehicle is a node, and a wireless router will run. The vehicles are similar to each other will interact with a wide range of nodes or vehicles and establish a network. VANETs provide us with the infrastructure to build new solutions for improving safety and comfort for drivers and passengers. There are several routing protocols proposed and evaluated for improving VANET's performance. The simulator is preferred over external experience because it is easy, simple, and inexpensive. In this paper, we choose AODV protocol, DSDV protocol, and DSR protocol with five different nodes density. For each protocol, as regards specific parameters like (throughput, packet delivery ratio, and end- to- end delay). On simulators that allow users to build real-time navigation models of simulations using VANET. Tools (SUMO, MOVE, and NS-2) were used for this paper, then graphs were plotted for evaluation using Trace-graph. The results showed the DSR is much higher than AODV and DSDV, In terms of throughput. While DSDV is the best choice because of the low average end to end delay. From the above, we conclude that each strategy has its own negative and positive aspects that make it ideally suited to a particular scenario than other scenarios.

Journal ArticleDOI
27 Jul 2021
TL;DR: A new routing protocol named LENC (low-latency and energy-efficient routing based on network connectivity) is developed, which represents a great improvement in routing stability and is superior to AODV in several aspects.
Abstract: Intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) are important applications of 5G mobile communication technology. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are key part of intelligent transportation systems. Although 5G technology and infrastructure can significantly promote the development of VANETs, in some scenarios, for example, if 5G service is not available or the vehicle speed is too fast, device to device (D2D) will be an important means of communication. Therefore, combining 5G and D2D VANET communication is crucial to provide better connectivity. However, due to high-speed mobility, uneven distribution, and unpredictable vehicle behavior, the VANET network topology changes rapidly, and network connectivity is unstable. This phenomenon represent a considerable challenge to the routing protocol; at the same time, the continuous establishment of new routes needs to send a large number of routing requests (RREQ) and routing reply (RREP) packets, and it therefore consumes considerable energy. How to choose a more stable route is the key to implementing the routing protocol. In this paper, we take the most representative features of vehicles and roadways into consideration and based on the hypothesis of uneven vehicle distribution, we use a nonhomogeneous Poisson process to analyze the network connectivity and take the network connectivity as one of the routing decision metrics. Therefore, using fuzzy logic to make routing decisions under multiple selection criteria, we developed a new routing protocol named LENC (low-latency and energy-efficient routing based on network connectivity). Simulations have been performed comparing classical AODV and LENC. The results indicate that LENC represents a great improvement in routing stability and is superior to AODV in several aspects.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) based Ant Colony Optimization Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (ACO-AODV) routing protocol is proposed which avoids suspicious vehicles during message dissemination in IoV.
Abstract: Internet of Vehicles (IoV) in 5G is regarded as a backbone for intelligent transportation system in smart city, where vehicles are expected to communicate with drivers, with road-side wireless infrastructure, with other vehicles, with traffic signals and different city infrastructure using vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and/or vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications. In IoV, the network topology changes based on drivers’ destination, intent or vehicles’ movements and road structure on which the vehicles travel. In IoV, vehicles are assumed to be equipped with computing devices to process data, storage devices to store data and communication devices to communicate with other vehicles or with roadside infrastructure (RSI). It is vital to authenticate data in IoV to make sure that legitimate data is being propagated in IoV. Thus, security stands as a vital factor in IoV. The existing literature contains some limitations for robust security in IoV such as high delay introduced by security algorithms, security without privacy, unreliable security and reduced overall communication efficiency. To address these issues, this paper proposes the Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) based Ant Colony Optimization Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (ACO-AODV) routing protocol which avoids suspicious vehicles during message dissemination in IoV. Specifically, our proposed protocol comprises three components: i) certificate authority (CA) which maps vehicle’s publicly available info such as number plates with cryptographic keys using ECC; ii) malicious vehicle (MV) detection algorithm which works based on trust level calculated using status message interactions; and iii) secure optimal path selection in an adaptive manner based on the intent of communications using ACO-AODV that avoids malicious vehicles. Experimental results illustrate that the proposed approach provides better results than the existing approaches.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: To establish path from source to destination using multicasting approach and also reduce the chances of congestion in the network, AODV and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) technique is applied and data is transmitted.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: These mechanisms provide individually and collectively great enhancements to P2P routing protocols, such as AODV-RPL and LOADng, while staying backward compatible with their base specifications.
Abstract: Arbitrary point-to-point (P2P) routing is becoming a necessity in a multitude of Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications, including building automation, smart cities, and smart manufacturing. For this reason, new P2P routing protocols such as lightweight on-demand ad hoc distance-vector routing protocol next generation (LOADng) and ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing-based RPL protocol (AODV-RPL) are being standardized. Both protocols are inspired by AODV, and hence, they might suffer from broadcast storms caused by flooding route requests (RREQs) and related issues. Thus, while AODV-RPL takes advantage of RPL mechanisms, LOADng uses blind flooding to forward RREQs. However, both lack effective techniques for avoiding unnecessary RREQ transmissions when routes are found. In this article, we first deploy stopping Trickle timers to ensure scalable, efficient, and reliable dissemination of RREQs. Second, we devise and present new techniques to suppress unnecessary RREQs with optimizations for radio duty-cycled networks. Finally, the two mechanisms are combined in a third proposal for better efficiency. These mechanisms provide individually and collectively great enhancements to P2P routing protocols, such as AODV-RPL and LOADng, while staying backward compatible with their base specifications. The performance of the proposed mechanisms when applied to LOADng has been validated using both extensive time-accurate simulations and large-scale public testbeds. The obtained results have shown the effectiveness of the proposed mechanisms with around 50% less overhead and savings in energy consumption, along with a 20% gain in route discovery ratio at the expense of an increase in discovery delays.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A multi-path QoS (Quality of Service) routing security algorithm based on blockchain by improving the traditional AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) protocol (AODV-MQS) is proposed.
Abstract: Ad hoc network is a special network with centerless and dynamic topology. Due to the free mobility of the nodes, routing security has been a bottleneck problem that plagues its development. Therefore, a multi-path QoS (quality of service) routing security algorithm based on blockchain by improving the traditional AODV (ad hoc on-demand distance vector) protocol (AODV-MQS) is proposed. Firstly, a chain of nodes is established in the network and the states of all nodes by making the intermediate nodes on the chain are saved. Secondly, the smart contract in the blockchain is set to filter out the nodes that meet the QoS constraints. Finally, two largest unrelated communication paths are found in the blockchain network through smart contract, one of which is the main path and the other is the standby path. Simulation experiments show that the performance of the proposed algorithm is better than other algorithms, especially in an unsafe environment.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The proposed system is based on a model of VANET involving interaction with aerial nodes (UAVs) for efficient data delivery and better performance and plays important role in minimizing the MAC/PHY and enhancing the average throughput along with average packet delivery ratio.
Abstract: IoV is the latest application of VANET and is the alliance of Internet and IoT. With the rapid progress in technology, people are searching for a traffic environment where they would have maximum collaboration with their surroundings which comprise other vehicles. It has become a necessity to find such a traffic environment where we have less traffic congestion, minimum chances of a vehicular collision, minimum communication delay, fewer communication errors, and a greater message delivery ratio. For this purpose, a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) was devised where vehicles were communicating with each other in an infrastructureless environment. In VANET, vehicles communicate in an ad hoc manner and communicate with each other to deliver messages, for infotainment purposes or for warning other vehicles about emergency scenarios. Unmanned aerial vehicle- (UAV-) assisted VANET is one of the emerging fields nowadays. For VANET’s routing efficiency, several routing protocols are being used like optimized link state routing (OLSR) protocol, ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol, and destination-sequenced distance vector (DSDV) protocol. To meet the need of the upcoming era of artificial intelligence, researchers are working to improve the route optimization problems in VANETs by employing UAVs. The proposed system is based on a model of VANET involving interaction with aerial nodes (UAVs) for efficient data delivery and better performance. Comparisons of traditional routing protocols with UAV-based protocols have been made in the scenario of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. Later on, communication of vehicles via aerial nodes has been studied for the same purpose. The results have been generated through various simulations. After performing extensive simulations by varying different parameters over grid sizes of 300 × 1500 m to 300 × 6000 m, it is evident that although the traditional DSDV routing protocol performs 14% better than drone-assisted destination-sequenced distance vector (DA-DSDV) when we have number of sinks equal to 25, the performance of drone-assisted optimized link state routing (DA-OLSR) protocol is 0.5% better than that of traditional OLSR, whereas drone-assisted ad hoc on-demand distance vector (DA-AODV) performs 22% better than traditional AODV. Moreover, if we increase the number of sinks up to 50, it can be clearly seen that the DA-AODV outperforms the rest of the routing protocols by up to 60% (either traditional routing protocol or drone-assisted routing protocol). In addition, for parameters like MAC/PHY overhead and packet delivery ratio, the performance of our proposed drone-assisted variants of protocols is also better than that of the traditional routing protocols. These results show that our proposed strategy performs better than the traditional VANET protocols and plays important role in minimizing the MAC/PHY and enhancing the average throughput along with average packet delivery ratio.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a fuzzy logic-based routing scheme for flying ad hoc networks is proposed, which consists of two phases: route discovery phase and route maintenance phase, where the first phase calculates the score of each node in the network to prevent the broadcast storm problem and control the flood of the control messages.
Abstract: Today, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, have become very popular in military applications, commercial applications, and academic research. Flying ad hoc network (FANET) is a new type of ad hoc network, which groups small drones into an ad hoc form. These networks have unique characteristics, including moving in a 3D space, high mobility, frequent topological changes, limited resources, low density of nodes, and so on, which impose various challenges when designing a proper and efficient routing scheme. In this paper, we present a fuzzy logic-based routing scheme for flying ad hoc networks. The proposed routing scheme has two phases: route discovery phase and route maintenance phase. In the first phase, we propose a technique for calculating the score of each node in the network to prevent the broadcast storm problem and control the flood of the control messages, which have been broadcast to discover a new route in the network. This score is calculated based on various parameters such as movement direction, residual energy of nodes, link quality, and node stability. Moreover, in the route selection process, we design a fuzzy system to select routes with more fitness, less delay, and fewer hops for data transfer. The second phase includes two steps: preventing route failure in order to detect and modify paths at the failure threshold, and reconstructing failed routes in order to recognize and quickly replace these routes. Finally, the proposed routing scheme is implemented in NS2 to evaluate its performance and determine its efficiency. The simulation results are compared with three routing methods, namely ECaD, LEPR, and AODV. These results show that the proposed routing method outperforms other routing schemes in terms of end to end delay, packet delivery rate, route stability, and energy consumption. However, it has slightly increased the routing overhead.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this study, Internet of Things based firing zone monitoring and firefighter surveillance system (IoT-FFM) is developed with IEEE 802.15.6 standard and Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol.
Abstract: In this study, Internet of Things (IoT) based firing zone monitoring and firefighter surveillance system (IoT-FFM) is developed with IEEE 802.15.6 standard and Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol. Fireground coordinates, fire temperature, and gas type in the environment are collected, and also, respiration rate, heart rate, pulse oximeter of the firefighter, and nearest firefighter number are gathered with the proposed IoT-FFM wireless communication system. The gathered data are saved in InfluxDB database with Node-RED programming tool and monitored in real-time with Grafana monitoring system at the remote control center. End-to-end delay, throughput, and energy consumption parameters are considered for performance evaluation of the IoT-FFM. The Nakagami channel model is used for a more realistic wireless environment and compared with the Free Path Loss model. Thanks to the IoT-FFM, the health conditions of firefighters can be kept under control, and information about the fire zone can be mapped, and the fire can be intervened appropriately.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a low-cost adaptive routing protocol, namely skeleton-based swarm routing (SSR), is proposed, which exploits an intelligent online learning algorithm and the topology features of the mission-driven UAV swarm to distribute the traffic over optimal routes.
Abstract: A swarm of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) requires the transmission of mission-related data across the network. The resource constraints and dynamic nature of the swarm bring critical challenges to the design of UAV routing protocols. Most of the conventional ad hoc routing schemes are not intelligent and cannot adapt to the dynamic nature of UAV swarming networks. On the other hand, some artificial intelligence (AI)-based routing schemes may consume significant computational resources in the UAVs. In this article, a low-cost, adaptive routing protocol, namely skeleton-based swarm routing (SSR) , is proposed, which exploits an intelligent online learning algorithm and the topology features of the mission-driven UAV swarm to distribute the traffic over optimal routes. Here, the skeleton represents the most stable parts of the swarm formation. SSR architecture consists of three modules: 1) A geometric addressing module, which assigns geometric coordinates to each node based on the swarm skeleton structure; 2) A leaf-like routing pipe which allows the selection of multiple candidate routes around the shortest path; 3) An intelligent low-complexity learning model which determines how to distribute the packets inside the routing pipe to achieve load-balanced, high-throughput transmissions. The proposed skeleton-based scheme can also facilitate the UAV formation construction and morphing. The simulation results show that the proposed SSR protocol can noticeably improve the network performance (up to 100% throughput improvement) compared to the single path routing schemes, such as the ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) and link-quality and traffic-load aware optimized link state routing (LTA-OLSR) protocols.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This research work presents a practical evaluation of the VANet topology’s features with respect to time for the high traffic situations and proves that the performance of AOMDV is greater in comparison to DSDV and AODV protocols in high traffic density areas.
Abstract: The digital transmission amongst vehicles and roadway equipment is necessary for the realization of smart transportation systems. Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANet) is an ascension field of engineering that presents brilliant transport applications, road safety, comfort and luxury to drivers. VANet protocols face many challenges because of the changing nature of vehicular ad-hoc network. VANet routing protocols perform a vital role in terms of the performance efficiency because they decide the mode of sending and receiving packets between mobile vehicular nodes. Finding suitable and efficient routing protocol is very important for the efficient implementation of VANet. The foremost objective of this research is to suggest the relevant and efficient VANet routing protocols in a high traffic density area. This research work presents a practical evaluation of the VANet topology’s features with respect to time for the high traffic situations. This evaluation incorporates the actual creation of roadway layout. An accurate traffic flow is produced by extracting run-time facts and figures from PeMS (Freeway Performance Measurement System) database and assigning this extracted information into a microscopic mobility model. To achieve our goal, we consider three routing protocols i.e., AOMDV, AODV and DSDV. The simulation results prove that the performance of AOMDV is greater in comparison to DSDV and AODV protocols in high traffic density areas. The AOMDV protocol improves overall network performance by achieving maximum throughput and minimum end to end delay.

Journal ArticleDOI
Amira Zrelli1
TL;DR: In this paper, a survey of routing protocols for inter-net of things (IoT) applications is presented, where the authors provide an overview of hardware and software plat-forms for IoT applications.
Abstract: In this paper, we introduce a survey of routing protocols for inter- net of things (IoT). We provide an overview of hardware and software plat- forms for IoT applications. Therefore, we give a comparison between several operating systems (Contiki, TinyOS, WSN open, etc.) We compare the whole technologies adapted to IoT applications such as RFID (Radio frequency identification), Bluetooth, NFC (Near Field Communication), etc. Several IoT applications are exhibited like smart homes, smart building, smart environment, health care. These applications require efficient network coverage and connectivity, also it inquire intelligent routing protocols. All developments in routing protocols for Internet of Things aim to optimize the energy consumption and information flow in several applications particularly WSN/IoT applications. Hence, we treat the problem of energy consumption caused by routing proto-cols. We consider the case of the famous protocols AODV (Ad hoc on Demand Distance Vector) and RPL (IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks). Then, we compare the performance of RPL and AODV protocols. Results demonstrate that in terms of energy consumption RPL protocol is the most suitable for WSN/IoT applications, also the results show that Sky mote can be considered as the appropriate mote applied to guarantee quality of service of IoT applications.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 2021
TL;DR: A dynamic multi-sink routing protocol is proposed for self-organizing multi-hop WSNs, iMANETs and IoT that uses a sink-based auto-clustering of the network without using a dedicated clustering algorithm and it allows a multipoint-to-multipoint communication for local areas as well as for distant separated areas.
Abstract: With the rapid advent of using various devices like smart phones, vehicles etc, the connection of these devices with the help of Internet connectivity has emerged to IoT paradigm. The interconnection of smart objects under the various real world constraints like communication technologies, network scalability, node mobility, energy consumption etc, is a big challenge and requires designing new robust, adaptive, dynamic, and configurable routing protocols. With the arrival of the 5G and the future Internet, the latency time will be extremely reduced, this motivated us to propose a new protocol that entrust internet to transport a large part of control and data traffic of the network. In this paper, a dynamic multi-sink routing protocol (DMS-RP) is proposed for self-organizing multi-hop WSNs, iMANETs and IoT, it uses a sink-based auto-clustering of the network without using a dedicated clustering algorithm and it allows a multipoint-to-multipoint communication for local areas as well as for distant separated areas. Three multi-hop forwarding techniques of the proposed protocol are studied: B A S I C , M U L T I − P A R E N T and M U L T I − P A R E N T + S N R . We have implemented the proposed protocol as a new module for NS-3 simulator. The simulation results show that the proposed protocol achieves a largely better performance in terms of packet delivery, network delay, overhead, energy and network lifetime when compared with one of common multi-hop self-organizing routing protocols (AODV). Furthermore, the protocol analysis shows its high efficiency regarding scalability for static as well as for mobile networks where the studied performances are not significantly affected by the network size which makes it a suitable routing protocol for large-scale network architectures.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The research incorporates executing a simulating environment to look at the operation of the routing conventions dependent on the variable number of hubs and indicates that the AODV beats other conventions in the majority of the simulated scenarios.
Abstract: Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are independent systems that can work without the requirement for unified controls, pre-setup to the paths/routes or advance communication structures. The nodes/hubs of a MANET are independently controlled, which permit them to behave unreservedly in a randomized way inside the MANET. The hubs can leave their MANET and join different MANETs whenever the need arises. These attributes, in any case, may contrarily influence the performance of the routing conventions (or protocols) and the general topology of the systems. Along these lines, MANETs include uniquely planned routing conventions that responsively as well as proactively carry out the routing. This paper assesses and looks at the effectiveness (or performance) of five directing conventions which are AOMDV, DSDV, AODV, DSR and OLSR in a MANET domain. The research incorporates executing a simulating environment to look at the operation of the routing conventions dependent on the variable number of hubs. Three evaluation indices are utilized: Throughput (TH), Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and End-to-End delay (E2E). The assessment outcomes indicate that the AODV beats other conventions in the majority of the simulated scenarios.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a novel heterogeneous MANET routing protocol called "learning automata and genetic based Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector" (AGEN-AODV) is proposed, in which routes are rated based on energy, stability, traffic, and hop-count criteria.
Abstract: Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) consist of mobile nodes that usually have limited energy resources. MANET routing protocols should consider the dynamics and energy constraints of the network, and this makes them an optimization problem. Various optimization-based MANET routing protocols have been proposed in literature and each of them consider different metrics and try to cope with specific problems. In this paper, a novel heterogeneous MANET routing protocol called “learning Automata and Genetic based Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector” (AGEN-AODV) is proposed, in which routes are rated based on energy, stability, traffic, and hop-count criteria. The Genetic Algorithm (GA) in conjunction with Learning Automata (LA) is used to select the optimal route. The LA runs concurrent to the GA and initializes, adjusts and optimizes its coefficients based on the network feedback, preventing the GA from divergence or sub-optimal convergence. Compared with related works, the throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), delay, network lifetime, and energy consumption are improved by at least 4%, 8%, 8%, 13%, and 30% respectively.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study focused on OSI networks layers solution for performance improvements based on energy efficient routing techniques in flying ad hoc network environments and optimization techniques for energy usage can be implemented at different OSI layer level.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This research work proposes a Reliable link-adaptive position-based routing protocol (RLPR) for FANET, which outperforms the Robust and reliable predictive based routing (RARP) and Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) protocols in different scenarios.
Abstract: Flying ad hoc network (FANET) provides portable and flexible communication for many applications and possesses several unique design challenges; a key one is the successful delivery of messages to the destination, reliably. For reliable communication, routing plays an important role, which establishes a path between source and destination on the basis of certain criteria. Conventional routing protocols of FANET generally use a minimum hop count criterion to find the best route between source and destination, which results in lower latency with the consideration that there is single source/destination network environment. However, in a network with multiple sources, the minimum hop count routing criterion along with the 1-Hop HELLO messages broadcasted by each node in the network may deteriorate the network performance in terms of high End-to-End (ETE) delay and decrease in the lifetime of the network. This research work proposes a Reliable link-adaptive position-based routing protocol (RLPR) for FANET. It uses relative speed, signal strength, and energy of the nodes along with the geographic distance towards the destination using a forwarding angle. This angle is used to determine the forwarding zone that decreases the undesirable control messages in the network in order to discover the route. RLPR enhances the network performance by selecting those relay nodes which are in the forwarding zone and whose geographic movement is towards the destination. Additionally, RLPR selects the next hop with better energy level and uses signal strength and relative speed of the nodes to achieve high connectivity-level. Based on the performance evaluation performed in the Network simulator (ns-2.35), it has been analysed that RLPR outperforms the Robust and reliable predictive based routing (RARP) and Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) protocols in different scenarios. The results show that RLPR achieves a 33% reduction in control messages overhead as compared to RARP and 45% reduction as compared to AODV. Additionally, RLPR shows a 55% improvement in the lifetime of the network as compared to RARP and 65% as compared to AODV. Moreover, the search success rate in RLPR is 16% better as compared to RARP and 28% as compared to AODV.